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OF  THE     "^^ 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


Fronti 


SPIECI 


•COINS, 
MEDALS,  AND   SEALS/ 

ANCIENT    AND    MODERN. 

illnstraUir  anb  JDcarribeb. 


WITH    A 

SKETCH  OF  THE  HISTORY  OF  COINS  AND  COINAGE,  INSTRUCTIONS  FOR 

YOUNG   COLLECTORS,    TABLES    OF    COMPARATIVE    RARITY, 

PRICE  LISTS  OF  ENGLISH  AND  AMERICAN  COINS, 

MEDALS  AND  TOKENS,  &c.,  &c 


EDITED   BY  j  ,f.^V^^ 

W.     C.     PRIME, 

AT7TB0B  OF 

Boat  Life  in  Egypt  and  Nubia,"  "Tent  Life  in  the  Holy  Land," 
&c.,  &c.,  &c. 


NEW  YORK: 
HARPER  &  BROTHERS,  PUBLISHERS, 

FRANKLIN  SQUARE. 
1864. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred 

and  sixty,  by 

HARPER    &    BROTHERS, 

In  the  Clerk's  OflSce  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


PREFACE. 


This  volume  is  published  without  any  pretence  to 
novelty,  but  is  intended  to  give,  in  a  cheap  form,  in- 
formation which  new  collectors  could  not  otherwise  ob- 
tain except  at  very  great  expense.  In  the  mass  of  illus- 
tration which  it  contains  will  be  found  its  chief  value. 

When  this  was  placed  in  my  hands  to  prepare  the  ac- 
companying historical  sketch,  I  shrank  from  the  work 
as  one  which  could,  however  well  executed,  result  in 
very  little  credit  to  myself.  The  countless  works  on 
coins,  the  mere  catalogue  of  which  fills  a  volume  of  sev- 
eral hundred  pages — the  inexhaustible  nature  of  the  sub- 
ject— the  obscurity  which  overhangs  even  that  portion 
of  it  that  relates  to  our  own  country — these  and  many 
other  considerations  operated  to  induce  me  to  decline 
the  attempt. 

I  have  only  undertaken  it  with  the  idea  that  I  might 
do  something  for  the  benefit  and  assistance  of  young  col- 
lectors in  this  country,  who  are  in  need  of  such  advice 
as  I  have  endeavored  to  give  them.  It  has  been  my  de- 
sire to  encourage  in  the  young  a  taste  for  numismatic 

5 

161390 


PREFACE. 

study,  and  to  discourage  the  mania  for  rare  and  curious, 
but  uninteresting  and  worthless,  pieces  of  metal  which 
has  prevailed  extensively  in  America  during  the  past 
year. 

I  promised  myself  that  I  would  prepare  a  book  which 
every  parent  may  place  in  the  hands  of  his  child,  with 
the  assurance  that  it  would  not  mislead  him  into  collect- 
ing coins  for  the  sake  of  their  rarity  instead  of  their  his- 
torical value. 

This  end  I  hope  this  volume  may  serve.  While  the 
illustration  is  valuable  to  all  collectors,  the  instructions 
are  specially  directed  to  young  students,  and  not  to  old 
scholars.  As  the  young  collector  advances  in  his  stud- 
ies, he  will  be  able  to  appreciate  and  to  use  with  judg- 
ment the  learned  and  elaborate  works  with  which  our 
public  libraries  abound. 

That  portion  of  the  volume  which  relates  to  America 
and  American  coins  and  medals  has  been  prepared  with 
much  labor,  but  is  sadly  imperfect.  I  have  already 
hinted  at  the  obscurity  which  overhangs  the  history  of 
American  coinage.  It  is  remarkable  that  such  facts  re- 
main undetermined  as  whether  the  Washington  coin  of 
1792  (commonly  but  erroneously  called  the  cent  of  1792) 
was  struck  from  a  die  cut  in  this  country,  or  whether 
there  was  any  issue  of  cents  from  the  Mint  in  1815,  or 
where  or  whence  the  Georgius  Triumpho  copper  first 
appeared,  and  many  similar  questions.  It  is  very  easy 
to  give  replies  to  these  questions,  but  difficult  to  give 
authorities  for  the  replies. 

6 


PREFACE. 

It  is  also  impossible  to  affirm  in  this  day  whether  cer- 
tain coins  now  very  rare  will  remain  so,  since  every  year 
new  specimens  of  rare  coins  are  found  and  added  to  col- 
lections. For  this  reason  the  price  catalogues  are  of 
only  temporary  value.  So,  too,  with  the  silver  of  the 
years  preceding  1853.  For  the  present,  most  of  the 
dates  can  be  readily  obtained;  but  in  consequence  of 
the  change  in  weight  which  took  place  in  1853,  the  sil- 
ver of  earlier  date  than  that  has  almost  entirely  disap- 
peared from  circulation,  and  is  now  sold  to  the  melters 
or  returned  to  the  Mint.  As  this  practice  continues,  the 
entire  early  coinage  is  becoming  scarce ;  so  that  within  a 
year  from  the  present  time  many  half  dollars,  quarters, 
dimes,  and  half  dimes  now  common  will  become  of  the 
highest  rarity  and  command  the  highest  prices. 

Tradesmen's  cards,  tokens,  and  medalets  of  all  kinds, 
have  for  the  same  reason  no  fixed  value  or  steadfast 
place  in  any  scale  of  rarity.  The  mania — no  other  word 
can  be  correctly  used — which  during  the  past  year  has 
led  to  the  payment  of  enormous  prices  for  tradesmen's 
cards,  received  a  fitting  check  by  the  reproduction  in 
immense  quantities,  from  the  original  dies,  of  many  of 
the  most  highly  prized.  For  this  reason  it  is  impossible 
to-day  to  say  that  any  one  card  or  token  will  be  scarce 
or  specially  valuable  to-morrow. 

It  is  to  these  and  like  points  that  it  has  been  my  de- 
sire to  direct  the  attention  of  young  collectors. 

When,  by  reason  of  an  increase  in  the  number  of  stu- 
dents, and  a  more  steadfast  pursuit  of  the  science,  the 

7 


PREFACE. 

prices  of  American  coins  become  more  fixed  and  certain, 
and  the  entire  supply,  now  hoarded  in  cupboards  or  old 
stockings  and  purses,  is  brought  to  light,  it  may  be  pos- 
sible to  prepare  a  book  on  American  coins  which  shall 
have  a  permanent  value.  At  present  the  science  of  nu- 
mismatics in  America  has  very  few  devotees.  Collect- 
ors we  have  without  number,  who  hunt  diligently  for 
tradesmen's  cards  and  mistakes  in  dies,  and  who  collect 
for  a  year,  then  sell  their  cabinets  at  auction  and  begin 
again.  But  we  have  very  few  students  of  the  science. 
Let  us  hope  for  better  days  in  this  respect ;  and  mean- 
time let  us  preserve  all  that  is  historically  valuable,  and 
do  all  that  we  can  to  discourage  the  folly  of  collecting 
worthless  pieces  of  metal,  whose  sole  value  is  in  their 
scarcity,  and  on  which  so  much  time  and  money  have 
been  expended  during  the  past  two  years. 

w.  c.  p. 

New  York,  Nov.  1,  1860. 

8 


HISTORY  OF   COINAGE. 


I. 

®l)c  ©rigtn  of  Coins. 

It  is  a  trite,  but  by  no  means  a  worn-out  idea,  that  a  coin,  could 
it  speak,  would  be  able  to  relate  a  stranger  story  than  any  othei 
article  to  which  imagination  might  give  a  voice.  Such  a  thought 
can  never  be  worn  out,  for  it  is  inexhaustible  in  its  richness. 
Human  fancy  fails  utterly  to  trace  the  possible  adventures  of  a 
copper  that  was  coined  even  last  year ;  and  for  every  month  that  a 
coin  has  been  in  circulation  a  lifetime  must  needs  be  added  to  the 
years  that  would  be  required  to  sura  up  the  incidents  in  which  one 
can  conjecture  that  coin  as  an  actor. 

Human  nature  has  not  changed  very  much  in  the  ages  during 
which  men  have  inhabited  the  world.  The  price  of  joy  and  of 
pain  has  been  about  the  same  since  men  began  to  deal  those  com- 
modities out  to  other  men  for  money ;  and  certainly  imagination 
scarcely  finds  a  period  of  time  when  men  lived  and  did  not  sell 
pleasure  or  sorrow  to  each  other.  The  silver  drachma  of  ^gina, 
in  a  modern  collection — which  was  perhaps  one  of  the  first  of 
silver  coins  that  men  ever  handled — may  therefore  have  been, 
doubtless  was,  in  its  day,  like  silver  coins  of  this  nineteenth  cen- 
tury :  now  the  purchase  price  of  bread,  and  now  of  poison ;  to-day 
the  comforter  of  want,  to-morrow  flung  to  the  street  from  the  jew- 
eled hand  of  wealth ;  now  the  winner  at  the  board,  now  the  last 
stake  of  the  suicide ;  in  the  morning  doing  duty  to  buy  flowers 

9 


THE  ORIGIN  OF  COINS. 

for  the  forehead  of  purity,  in  the  evening  the  price  of  infamy  and 
shame. 

To  a  thinking  man,  then,  every  coin  that  his  collection  contains 
opens  a  new  subject  of  thought;  and  it  is  no  idle  employment, 
though  it  seem  so,  to  sit  quietly  over  Greek  or  Persian,  Koman  or 
Punic,  French,  Turkish,  English,  or  American  coins,  and  seek  to 
trace,  in  pure  fancy,  the  history  of  one  and  another  shining  piece. 
And  if  the  instruction  to  be  thus  derived  is  not  the  most  valuable 
which  the  collection  of  coins  furnishes,  it  is  at  least  the  origin  of 
that  which  is  worth  more ;  for  the  desire  to  make  acquaintance 
with  the  men  who  used  these  coins  leads  to  the  study  of  history ; 
and  perhaps  the  great  benefit  to  be  derived  by  the  ordinary  col- 
lector, from  his  employment,  is  to  be  found  in  this,  that  his 
coins  serve  to  fix  historical  facts  with  great  firmness  in  the  mem- 
ory. This  is  especially  true  of  young  collectors.  The  young 
student  of  history  who  possesses  a  coin  of  Augustus  Caesar  will 
read  up  in  the  history  of  the  Augustan  Age,  imagining  the  coin 
now  in  the  hands  of  Yirgil,  and  now  thrown  by  Horace  to  the 
slaves  of  MaBcenas ;  and  in  this  manner  he  will  enter  into  the  life 
of  Komans,  and  read  history  as  if  he  knew  in  person  (and  had 
some  associations  in  common  with)  the  men  of  Kome. 

These  suggestions  will,  without  further  discussion,  afford  an 
excuse  and  an  argument  for  indulging  the  young  in  a  taste  for 
the  science  of  numismatics.  There  is  danger  always  that  any 
taste  of  this  kind  may  become  a  passion.  This  depends  on  the 
ability  and  the  judgment  of  guardians,  and  of  this  we  have  no- 
thing to  say. 

But  aside  from  the  considerations  thus  stated,  the  science  of 
numismatics  has  a  claim  on  all  intelligent  persons  that  no  other 
subject  of  study  can  surpass.  In  coins  and  medals,  more  than  in 
any  other  monuments,  the  past  is  preserved,  and  its  heroes  and 
great  events  are  kept  memorable.  Possibly  it  was  to  the  almost 
imperishable  nature  of  the  splendid  medals  of  the  Augustan  age 

10 


Plate  I. 


Figure  I. — Egyptian  Ring  Money,  Gold  and  Silver. 

(Frcnu  the  Wall  of  a  Tomb.) 


Figure  2. — Ancient  Egyphan  Method  op  Weighing  Money. 

(From  the  Wall  of  a  Tomh.) 


HISTOKY  PRESERVED  IN  COINS. 

that  Horace  alluded  when  he  spoke  of  a  fame  more  enduring  than 
brass — monumentum  cere  perennius.  Then,  as  now,  the  records  of 
coins  and  medals  were  regarded  as  most  lasting ;  and  it  may  be 
safely  affirmed  that  we  owe  as  much  of  our  historical  knowledge 
of  the  remote  past  to  the  coins  of  nations  long  since  passed  away, 
as  we  owe  to  their  written  chronicles  on  paper  or  parchment. 

We  find  a  coin,  and  we  at  once  mark  the  place  of  its  discovery. 
It  bears  the  name  of  a  king  or  the  head  of  a  god.  We  compare 
it  with  other  coins,  and  lay  it  in  its  place  among  the  brass,  or  sil- 
ver, or  gold  memorials  of  the  same  king  or  country.  It  may  be 
in  itself  of  little  importance ;  but  in  company  with  others  it  may 
form  a  link  in  a  chain  of  evidence,  a  fact  in  a  series,  which  will 
settle  beyond  reasonable  doubt  a  great  historical  question.  Forms 
of  worship,  manners  and  customs  of  nations,  relationships  of  kings 
or  of  great  families,  may  thus  be  determined.  The  coins  which 
are  illustrated  in  Plate  XIII.  verify  this  remark.  They  are  given 
as  specimens  of  a  large  class,  from  which  we  derive  a  vast  amount 
of  information  on  Koman  subjects.  Two  of  them — No.  10  and 
No.  11 — exhibit  the  well  in  the  forum  to  which  Cicero  and  oth- 
er authors  refer.  Two  others — 8  and  9 — show  the  ancient  and 
the  new  rostra.  Others  exhibit  religious  ceremonies.  So  the 
medallion  No.  1,  Plate  IX.,  is  a  fine  memorial  of  the  tradition  of 
the  wolf  and  twins,  the  founders  of  Eome.  The  coin  No.  5  on 
the  same  plate  is  a  monument  of  the  story  of  the  embassy  which 
the  Senate  of  Eome  sent  to  Epidaurus,  about  B.C.  290,  with  a  re- 
quest that  ^sculapius  would  come  to  Eome  and  turn  away  the 
plague  then  raging.  The  embassadors  brought  back  a  sacred 
snake,  which  found  its  own  way  into  the  cabin  of  their  ship,  and 
which,  when  they  arrived  in  the  Tiber,  swam  to  the  island  in  the 
river  on  which  was  afterward  built  the  temple  of  JEsculapius. 
The  island  itself  was  walled  up  in  shape  like  a  galley.  The  whole 
story  is  of  exceeding  historic  interest,  and  this  coin  remains  as 
an  evidence  that  the  event  is  not  a  creation  of  later  years. 

12 


Plate  II. 


CONFIRMATION  OF  SACRED  WRIT. 

Examples  might  be  multiplied  from  the  illustrations  in  this 
volume ;  but  it  is  no  part  of  the  design  of  the  work  to  deprive 
the  young  collector  of  the  pleasure  and  profit  to  be  derived  by 
searching  out  for  himself  the  numerous  historical  incidents  or  an- 
cient forms  and  customs  to  which  these  coins  refer. 

It  is  an  object  of  much  interest,  in  this  connection,  to  determine 
the  earliest  date  at  which  coins  become  a  part  of  history,  or  aid 
in  its  preservation. 

Although  the  article  of  money,  in  the  shape  of  coins,  is  one  of 
the  most  familiar  objects  of  daily  use,  it  is  probable  that  very  few 
persons  have  troubled  themselves  to  consider  when  and  where  it 
originated.  For,  like  all  the  inventions  of  man,  it  must  have  had 
a  birth  and  a  birth-place.  Adam  had  neither  purse  nor  pocket, 
and  in  Eden  there  was  no  one  to  trade  with  for  food  or  clothing ; 
and  hence  a  means  of  barter  was  not  very  likely  to  be  needed. 

The  origin  of  all  human  art  was  in  necessity ;  or,  as  the  prov- 
erb has  it,  necessity  is  the  mother  of  invention.  Thus  the  first 
recorded  invention  was  an  apron;  or,  as  an  old  translation  of 
the  Bible  has  it,  a  pair  of  breeches.  But  when  the  breeches 
had  a  pocket  in  them,  and  when  the  pocket  was  first  filled  with 
small  change,  is  a  question  for  antiquarians. 

This  is  worthy  of  remark,  however,  that  the  remains  of  an- 
tiquity which  tombs  and  monuments  furnish  us  agree  remarkably 
with  the  Scripture  history  of  the  origin  of  our  race.  That  is  to 
say,  the  Scripture  af&rms  that  at  a  period  about  four  thousand 
years  ago  the  world  was  depopulated  by  a  deluge,  which  only  one 
family  survived.  Naturally  we  should  suppose  that  the  arts  and 
sciences  would  progress  with  more  rapidity,  from  the  fact  that 
this  family  possessed  in  themselves  the  learning  and  a  great  deal 
of  the  experience  of  the  previous  ages,  in  which  men  had  lived 
long  and  learned  much.  But  the  world  shows  no  remaining 
monument  of  any  earlier  period  than  this ;  and  all  its  existing 
memorials  indicate  an  age  of  art  that  dates  from  a  time  a  little 


Plate  IH. 


CONFIRMATION  OF  SACRED  WRIT. 

later  than  this  flood.  Let  us  record  the  fact,  in  spite  of  all  that 
men  have  sought  to  establish  to  the  contrary,  that  no  one  has 
found  a  relic  of  human  existence  on  earth  which  antedates  the 
period  of  the  Noahic  deluge.  Bunsen  has  indeed  founded  a  theory 
on  the  discovery  of  a  piece  of  pottery  in  a  deep  boring  in  the  Nile 
mud ;  but  Bunsen  failed  to  inquire  whether  the  place  of  boring 
was  not  the  site  of  an  ancient  lake,  or  the  bottom  of  the  ever- 
changing  Nile  itself;  or,  more  likely  still,  the  excavation  for  lay- 
ing the  foundation  of  a  colossal  statue,  near  whose  fallen  trunk  as 
it  now  lies  prone,  the  pottery  was  found,  where  a  workman  prob- 
ably left  it. 

At  a  certain  period  after  this  deluge,  when  men  might  be  sup- 
posed to  need  the  convenience  of  money,  and  not  before — having 
scattered,  and  formed  nations  of  diverse  interests — we  find  it 
coming  into  use. 

It  is  no  theory  that  we  speak  of,  but  a  direct  chain  of  existing 
specimens,  leading  us  from  the  magnificent  coinage  of  the  Mace- 
donian empire  back  to  the  earliest  and  rudest  specimens  of  the 
coins  of  men's  making.  It  can  not  be  possible  that  any  where  in 
the  world  coined  money  had  been  used  at  a  period  prior  to  the 
date  of  the  Lydian  and  the  Ionian  coins ;  so  that,  in  this  study  of 
numismatics,  we  find  at  once  a  great  tribute — ^the  tribute  which 
profane  history  has  in  all  times  paid — to  the  Sacred  story,  a  con- 
firmation of  the  account  of  the  origin  of  our  race  on  the  earth. 

The  first  mention  that  is  made  of  money  in  history  is  eminently 
striking.  It  was  used  for  the  purchase  of  a  grave.  There  is  no 
picture  in  all  the  past  more  profoundly  sad  than  that  of  the  old 
man  buying  a  place  to  bury  his  dead  wife  out  of  his  sight.  Who 
has  not  read  the  story  with  unutterable  emotions?  Who  that 
is  father  of  a  family  or  husband  of  a  wife,  when  the  first  dead 
one  in  the  house  must  be  buried,  has  not  gone  out  to  buy  a  buri- 
al-place, and  called  to  mind  that  sad  scene  before  the  Cave  of 
Machpelah  ?    Does  this  first  record  in  history,  sacred  or  profane, 

16 


Plate  IV. 


LAMBS  AND  SHEKELS. 

of  the  use  of  money,  teach  us  that  the  shiniDg  stuff  is  of  no  higher 
value  to  a  man  than  just  the  price  of  his  grave?  After  he  has 
bought  and  occupied  that,  it  certainly  ceases  to  matter  to  him 
whether  his  heaps  are  gold  or  copper  or  dust. 

But  let  us  glance  a  moment  at  this  story,  and  see  whether,  in 
the  days  of  Abraham,  men  had  any  knowledge  of  coin.  For  the 
first  question  before  us  is,  When  did  coined  money  originate  ? 

Although  the  Hebrew  word,  which,  in  the  case  of  Abraham,  is 
translated  shekels,  may  have  been  used  by  Moses  in  writing  the 
account  with  the  design  of  fixing  the  value  of  the  metal  intelli- 
gibly to  the  Hebrew  readers  of  the  history,  we  are  by  no  means 
to  suppose  that  Abraham  paid  out  the  shining  coins  which,  in  the 
times  of  Simon  Maccabeus,  bore  the  emblems  of  the  Hebrew  faith. 
On  the  contrary,  he  weighed  out  the  silver :  four  hundred  shekels 
"  current  with  the  merchant" — not  current  money ^  as  our  transla- 
tion has  it;  for  the  word  money  is  supplied.  But  what  was  a 
shekel,  or  any  other  given  quantity  of  silver,  current  with  mer- 
chants in  those  days  ? 

A  little  later  the  grandson  of  Abraham  was  purchasing  land  in 
the  same  country,  and  paid  for  it  "a  hundred  ^i^ces  of  silver  J"^ 

The  Hebrew  word  rTtO"'ti^p,  here  translated  pieces  of  silver,  may 
as  properly  be  translated  lambs.  The  question  at  once  arises, 
"Was  it  a  hundred  lambs  which  Jacob  paid,  or  was  it  a  hundred 
coins,  or  was  it  the  metal  value  of  a  hundred  lambs?  Other 
speculations,  too,  arise  on  examining  the  uses  to  which  the  same 
Hebrew  word,  or  words  of  the  same  origin,  are  applied.  Thus, 
in  the  form  of  a  verb  lati^p,  we  find  it  meaning  to  be  true,  equal, 
just,  correct.  And  again,  in  the  form  of  a  noun,  it  signifies  truth, 
equity,  holiness,  purity,  etc.  It  occurs  thus  in  Psalm  Ix.  6,  and 
Proverbs  xxii.  21.  It  has  a  similar  signification  in  the  Arabic, 
and  also  in  the  Chaldaic  and  the  Syriac.  This  examination  into 
the  origin  of  the  words  first  used  for  describing  money  is  by  no 
means  labor  wasted.    For  although  we  do  not  intend  here  to  trace 

18 


Plate  V. 


AN  EGYPTIAN  PICTURE. 

the  history  of  the  word,  or  determine  whether  the  significations  of 
equity,  justice,  etc.,  were  primary  or  secondary,  it  is  enough  that 
we  find  in  the  word  both  these  ideas — a  lamb  and  a  just  weight. 

Now  what  connection  had  a  lamb  with  a  just  weight? 

Egypt  is  the  great  illustrator  of  the  Bible,  and  much  of  our 
speculation  on  Bible  difficulties  would  be  set  at  rest  if  we  had  the 
Egyptian  monuments  at  hand  to  refer  to  whenever  we  needed  an 
illustration.  In  this  case  all  speculation  seems  to  be  done  away 
with  by  this  aid.  In  one  of  the  Theban  tombs,  among  the  count- 
less illustrations  on  the  walls  of  the  manners  and  customs  of  the 
ancient  Egyptians,  and  especially  of  the  Egyptians  who  lay  in 
that  tomb,  we  find  a  picture  of  a  scribe  weighing  out  the  wealth 
of  his  master  and  counting  it  up  (Plate  I.,  Figure  2). 

No  one  who  sees  it  can  doubt  that  the  Egyptians  of  that  day 
weighed  out  gold  and  silver  by  a  weight  whose  shape  was  that 
of  a  lamb,  and  the  half  of  it  was  like  the  hind-quarters  of  a  lamb. 
This  interesting  discovery  gives  us  reason  to  think  that  Abra- 
ham paid  the  sons  of  Heth  in  silver  weighed  out  by  these  same 
weights.  Mr.  Layard  found  specimens  of  the  weights  themselves 
in  Nineveh. 

It  is  natural  to  suppose  that  the  weights  were  originally  de- 
termined by  the  value  of  a  sheep  or  lamb ;  and  this  supposition 
derives  additional  force  from  facts  that  appear  in  the  history  of 
other  nations,  and  even  from  the  words  which  for  many  centuries 
have  been  used  to  express  the  idea  of  money.  In  early  ages, 
when  men  led  mostly  the  pastoral  life,  cattle  were  probably  the 
most  common  medium  of  exchange  and  barter,  and  the  value  of 
a  sheep  was  a  fixed  value,  varying  but  little  in  places  or  years. 
When  metals  became  standards  of  value  can  not  be  affirmed 
precisely,  but  it  is  evident  that  at  this  time,  and  for  many  cen- 
turies afterward,  they  were  not  coined  into  what  we  call  money. 
The  evidence,  however,  that  the  price  of  cattle  was  the  earliest 
method  of  fixing  the  value  of  money,  and  that  gold  and  other 

20 


Plate  VI. 


CATTLE  AND  MONEY. 

metals  were  valued  according  to  the  number  of  cattle  a  given 
quantity  would  buy,  is  found  elsewhere  than  in  this  solitary  in- 
stance. Our  own  language  contains  a  proof  of  it,  since  the  word 
pecuniary^  which  is  in  common  use  with  us,  is  derived  from  the 
Latin  word  pecunia  (money),  and  this  was  derived  from  pecus  (a 
flock  of  sheep  or  cattle).  The  evidence  of  the  derivation  is  found 
in  the  oldest  Koman  coins  extant,  one  of  which  is  shown  on  Plate 
Vn.  This  gigantic  copper  coin  was  in  the  Pembroke  collection 
in  England,  and  weighed  a  little  less  than  five  pounds  avoirdupois. 
It  is  a  specimen  of  the  earliest  known  coinage  of  Italy,  and  prob- 
ably dates  from  B.C.  500  to  B.C.  600,  a  period  not  much  later  than 
that  of  the  earliest  Eastern  coinage,  of  which  we  have  before 
spoken.  This  piece  was  the  aes  or  as  (the  brass  or  the  piece  of 
brass),  which  subsequently  changed  its  size  and  form,  but  which 
remained  a  Koman  coin  down  to  modern  times.  We  refer  to  it 
at  present  to  illustrate  the  theory  of  the  origin  of  money  value. 
And  when  the  reader  has  studied  history  with  reference  to  the 
price  of  cattle  in  various  periods  of  the  world's  history,  and  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  he  wiU  readily  adopt  the  idea  that  the 
first  valuations  of  metal  became  fixed  with  regard  to  the  value  of 
sheep  and  oxen.  Homer  mentions  no  use  of  coined  money,  but 
speaks  of  a  bar  of  brass  as  being  equal  in  value  to  one  ox,  and  a 
woman  slave  as  worth  four  oxen.  The  father  of  poetry,  indeed, 
often  speaks  of  oxen  and  sheep  as  the  representatives  of  wealth, 
as  when  Achilles  argues  boldly  that  he  can  go  elsewhere  and  find 
abundant  spoil  of  oxen  and  fat  sheep.  It  is  true  that  in  the  same 
conversation  (Iliad,  Book  IX.,  line  365,  etc.)  Achilles  also  speaks 
of  "  the  gold  and  ruddy  brass  and  bright  iron,"  but  not  as  if  coined 
into  money.  Homer's  is  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  work  in 
the  world  as  a  description  of  existing  arts,  dress,  manners  and 
customs,  and,  in  short,  comparative  civilization.  There  can  be 
no  reason  to  suppose  that  he  had  ever  seen  coined  money,  or,  if 
it  existed  in  his  day,  that  it  had  then  existed  so  long  as  to  author- 


Plate  VII. 


RING  MONEY. 

ize  him  to  mention  it  among  the  arts  and  furniture  of  the  Grecian 
camp  or  the  Trojan  city  at  the  period  of  his  story,  which  is  lo- 
cated at  about  the  same  date  with  our  chronological  location  of 
Samson  and  the  judges  of  the  Israelites. 

But  it  is  also  evident  that  gold  and  silver  became  valuable  as 
ornaments  long  before  they  were  used  for  coins.  Thus  we  find 
Eleazar  of  Damascus  carrying  to  Kebecca  rings  and  bracelets  of 
fixed  weight ;  and  in  the  11th  verse  of  the  42d  chapter  of  Job 
we  find  it  mentioned  that  each  of  Job's  friends  brought  him  an 
ear-ring  as  well  as  "a  lamb"  or  "piece  of  money."  That  these 
rings  and  bracelets  became  frequently,  and  at  length  commonly, 
the  medium  of  exchange,  we  have  abundant  evidence.  The  Egyp- 
tian monuments  show  that  the  common  form  of  the  valuable  met- 
als when  in  course  of  transfer  was  the  ring.  Numerous  illustra- 
tions of  these  rings  in  gold  and  in  silver  are  found  on  the  walls 
of  tombs  (see  Plate  I.,  Figure  1).  Ancient  writers  refer  to  rings 
and  bracelets  as  the  usual  form  of  gold  ornaments,  and  the  mod- 
ern customs  in  the  East  are  doubtless  accurately  like  the  ancient. 

The  Oriental  traveler  is  surprised  to  find  the  poorest  woman 
sometimes  wearing  heavy  gold  bracelets  and  anklets;  but  his 
surprise  ceases  when  he  learns  that,  in  the  East,  there  is  no  in- 
vestment for  money  which  pays  interest,  and  that,  as  a  conse- 
quence, the  poor  and  the  rich,  when  they  accumulate  more  or 
less  gold,  are  accustomed  to  call  in  the  traveling  tinker,  who, 
with  crucible,  furnace,  and  hammer,  sits  down  in  the  court  of  the 
palace  or  on  the  ground-floor  of  the  hut,  and  out  of  the  coins 
handed  him  soon  fashions  a  rude  bracelet  or  anklet,  which  adorns 
the  dusky  leg  or  arm  of  the  favorite  wife,  until  necessity  compels 
its  transfer.  When  this  necessity  comes,  there  is  no  delay  or 
trouble  about  it  in  an  Eastern  market.  The  owner  goes  into  the 
street  to  make  a  purchase,  and  tenders  his  bracelet  in  payment. 
The  convenient  money-changer  is  at  hand  in  every  street  with 
his  scales,  the  weight  is  told— it  is  three,  five,  ten,  or  twenty 

24 


Plate  VIII. 


FIRST  COINED  MONEY. 

mejiddi — and  the  merchant  takes  it  as  readily  as  coin.  We  have 
seen  this  transaction  not  a  few  times,  and  regarded  it  as  the  best 
evidence  needed  of  the  ancient  custom  of  using  similar  bands  of 
precious  metals  for  currency. 

But  without  pausing  longer  on  this  subject  we  may  give  the 
illustrations  well  known  to  the  numismatic  scholar,  of  the  ring 
money  of  the  ancient  Britons,  dating  before  the  Eoman  invasion, 
and  therefore  at  a  period  not  many  centuries  later  than  the  in- 
vention of  coined  money  by  the  Greeks,  and  continuing  in  use 
down  to  a  late  period  in  the  Christian  era.  These  rings  are  now 
found  in  abundance  in  various  parts  of  England  and  Ireland. 
At  one  time,  in  1832,  a  quantity  of  it,  valued  at  £1089  145.  Id. 
(intrinsic  value  of  the  gold),  was  dug  up  at  St.  Quentin  (see  Plate 
XXIII.,  Figure  1).  The  forms  varied.  Some  immense  ornaments 
were  manifestly  worn  over  the  shoulder;  others  on  the  arms, 
or  around  the  waist.  Caesar,  in  his  account  of  England,  dis- 
tinctly relates  that  rings  of  fixed  weight  were  used  for  money  in 
Britain.  He  says  the  same  of  Gaul.  We  find  the  same  sort  of 
money  spoken  of  in  the  north  of  Europe ;  those  found  in  En- 
gland are  all  exact  multiples  of  the  same  unit  in  weight ;  so  that 
there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  they  had  a  fixed  weight  and 
passed  current  as  coins. 

But  as  yet  no  regular  coin  existed.  The  Greeks  had  been  in 
the  habit  of  using  bars  or  spikes  of  metal.  A  bar  was  an  obolits 
(Hterally  translated  a  spike  or  a  small  obelisk),  and  six  of  these 
were  as  many  as  a  man  could  grasp  in  his  hand.  Hence  six  oboU 
made  one  drachma  (a  handful),  and  thus  originated  the  coins 
obolios  and  drachma^  the  latter  being  to  this  day  the  coin  of  Greece, 
and  having  given  its  name  to  weights  and  measures  in  all  the 
languages  of  the  civilized  world. 

It  was  about  900  years  before  Christ  that  the  first  money  was 
actually  coined.  There  is  much  doubt  in  the  minds  of  antiquari- 
ans as  to  the  precise  spot  where  the  custom  had  its  origin.    He- 

26 


Plate  EX. 


COINS  OF  IONIA  AND  LYDIA. 

rodotus  ascribes  it  to  the  Lydians,  but  bis  authority  is  not  con- 
clusive. 

The  oldest  coins  extant,  and  probably  the  first  coins  ever 
made,  are  from  Ionia,  in  Asia  Minor.  Miletus,  a  city  south  of 
Ephesus,  on  the  shore  of  the  Icarian  Sea,  probably  produced  the 
first  coined  money.     It  was  the  gold  stater  (Plate  II.,  Figure  1). 

It  will  be  noticed  that  .the  coin  is  stamped  on  one  side  with  a 
deep  indentation.  On  the  other  it  has  a  rude  picture  of  a  lion's 
head.  This  form  is  characteristic  of  coinage  for  a  long  period. 
A  die  was  used,  the  lump  of  metal  placed  in  it,  and  a  punch, 
struck  with  a  hammer,  drove  the  metal  into  the  die  and  left  the 
rude  mark  of  the  punch  on  the  reverse  of  the  coin.  What  in- 
duced the  adoption  of  the  lion's  head  as  a  design  is  left  to  conjec- 
ture. It  is  by  some  supposed  to  refer  to  the  regal  power  repre- 
sented by  the  lion,  while  others  think  that  it  had  some  connec- 
tion with  the  worship  of  Cybele,  the  great  goddess  of  the  lonians. 
A  somewhat  similar  coin  is  also  known  (Plate  11.,  Figure  2),  which 
by  some  numismatists  is  supposed  to  be  of  earlier  date  than  the 
Ionian.  It  is  a  Lydian  coin,  one  of  those  referred  to  by  Herodo- 
tus ;  and  we  give  it  as  a  specimen  of  one  of  the  earliest,  if  not 
the  earliest.  Coins  of  this  kind  have  been  found  in  considerable 
quantity  at  Sardis,  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  some  of 
these  are  of  the  period  of  Croesus.  The  value  of  these  two  coins 
is  the  same.  It  was  called  a  stater  or  standard^  and  it  is  worthy 
of  remark  that  the  value  of  this  first  gold  coin  known  has  been 
continued  in  currency  among  all  nations,  with  very  slight  varia- 
tion, down  to  recent  times.  These  coins  were  the  first  speci- 
mens of  stamped  gold  in  the  form  that  we  call  money. 

It  has  been  by  some  supposed  that  an  Eastern  coinage  existed 
of  earlier  date  than  the  Ionian  or  the  Lydian,  and  that  the  re- 
maining specimens,  now  known  as  gold  darics,  are  possibly  of  re- 
moter date  than  the  stater  of  Miletus.  This  is  mere  conjecture,  how- 
ever.    The  gold  daricj  of  which  a  representation  is  given  in  Plate 

28 


Plate  X. 


PERSIAN  DARICS. 

II.,  Figure  4,  is  a  rare  coin  of  early  Assyrian  or  Persian  times. 
The  large  danc  of  silver  (Plate  II.,  Figure  3)  is  not  earlier  than 
the  time  of  Cambyses.  The  name  of  the  coin  has  been  by  some 
supposed  to  be  derived  from  Darius,  by  others  from  an  old  Per- 
sian word  signifying  royalty.  It  is  interesting  as  being  one  of 
the  early  coins  named  in  the  Bible.  In  Ezra  ii.  69,  the  word 
D''^1D31^,  Darhemonim^  translated  in  our  version  drams^  is  sup- 
posed to  be  this  coin ;  and  the  same  word  occurs  in  other  places, 
as  in  Daniel  viii.  5 ;  1  Chron.  xxix.  7.  In  the  latter  case  the 
word  is  less  like  Drachma,  and  more  like  Daric:  it  is  Hadarkojst. 
It  is  not  impossible  that  the  Hebrew  words  may  bave  been  two, 
one  referring  to  the  Grrecian,  while  the  other  referred  to  the  Per- 
sian coin.  The  daric  was,  in  fact,  worth  twenty  silver  drachmoi. 
Xenophon  gives  us  three  thousand  darics  as  worth  ten  talents. 
The  value  of  the  gold  in  a  daric^  as  now  found,  is  about  $5  45. 
The  pay  which  Cyrus  gave  to  the  soldiers  of  Clearchus  was  a  gold 
dark  per  month  (Anab.  i.  3).  These  coins  are  scarce,  it  being 
probable  that  Alexander  replaced  them  with  his  coinage  when  he 
conquered  Asia. 

The  silver  daric  was,  as  remarked,  unknown  until  the  time  of 
Cambyses,  when,  it  is  supposed,  Aryandes,  Governor  of  Egypt, 
first  struck  them. 

We  have  thus  briefly  sketched  what  is  known  of  the  origin  of 
gold  coinage.  Silver  does  not  seem  to  have  been  coined  as  early 
as  gold.  The  earliest  known  silver  coinage  is  that  of  ^gina.  It 
dates  about  B.C.  870,  and  not  long  after  the  Ionian  gold.  An  ex- 
ample of  it  is  visible  in  Plate  II.,  Figure  6,  and  another,  of  a  later 
date,  showing  an  improved  style  of  art,  in  the  same  plate.  Figure 
9.  The  die  was  at  first  used,  as  before  described,  with  a  punch, 
which  left  its  mark  on  the  reverse.  The  tortoise  was  the  national 
emblem,  and  continued  for  a  long  time  on  the  JEginetan  coins. 

Copper  was  probably  first  used  for  coins  in  Italy,  but  the  ex- 
act date  of  its  introduction  does  not  appear. 

80 


Platb  XI. 


II. 

})rogre00  of  H)t  3lrt  among  2lnnent  Natton0. 

From  these  crude  beginnings  the  art  of  coinage  advanced  to  a 
stage  of  beauty  in  early  periods  which  has  hardly  been  surpassed 
even  in  our  day  of  splendid  medals.  But  this  advance  was  not 
instantaneous.  It  was  measured,  gradual,  and  slow.  The  first 
step  was  the  placing  on  the  end  of  the  punch  some  rude  figure, 
which  was  indented  in  the  coin  when  the  blow  was  struck,  thus 
producing  the  usual  raised  head  or  legend  on  the  obverse,  while 
the  reverse  showed  the  indentation  of  the  figure  on  the  end  of  the 
punch. 

The  quarter  stater  of  Phocea,  of  which  a  representation  is  given 
in  Plate  II.,  Figure  5,  illustrates  this.  The  idea  was  further  car- 
ried out  in  Greece  by  making  the  end  of  the  punch  to  correspond 
with  the  die,  but  not  so  as  to  leave  the  impression  raised  on  both 
sides.  The  result  was  a  coinage  of  which  one  side  presented  in 
concave  the  same  figures  which  were  on  the  other  side  in  relief. 
And  this  led  to  the  production  of  very  beautiful  coins,  of  which 
we  give  an  illustration  in  a  silver  coin  of  Caulonia  (Plate  II., 
Figure  7). 

The  first  dejdfifis-OBr-Goins  were  emblematical.     The  tortoise  of 


JEgina,  the  owl  of  Athens,  the  seal  ofPEoceS,  and  similar  de- 
signs, are  found  on  all  the  earliest  issues.  No  heads  of  kings  or 
heads  of  gods  are  on  the  first  coins.  The  deities  at  length  took 
possession  of  the  money ;  and  thereafter  the  head  of  a  god  or  god- 
dess who  was  the  chief  object  of  worship  in  a  city  or  country  be- 
came the  ordinary  obverse  of  coins.    This  custom  continued  for 

32 


Plate  XII. 


FIRST  PORTRAITS  ON  COINS. 

centuries.  It  was  not  till  very  near  the  time  of  Alexander  the 
Great  that  the  heads  of  monarchs  were  placed  on  money.  There 
is  extant  a  coin  of  Archelaus  I.,  King  of  Macedonia  (Plate  II., 
Figure  8),  which  gives  us  probably  a  portrait  of  that  monarch ; 
and,  if  it  be  so,  it  is  undoubtedly  the  first  coin  which  had  for  a 
device  the  head  of  a  reigning  prince.  He  reigned  from  413  to 
399  B.C. 

Alexander  I.  had  reigned  about  fifty  years  before,  and  during 
his  reign  a  coin  was  struck  bearing  on  its  face  a  youth  carrying 
two  spears  by  the  side  of  a  horse  (Plate  II.,  Figure  10).  Possibly 
and  probably  this  was  a  representation  of  the  fact  that  Alexander 
was  admitted  to  the  Olympic  games ;  but  it  can  not  be  considered 
a  portrait. 

The  period,  then,  of  the  introduction  of  human  heads  upon 
coinage  may  be  safely  placed  at  about  400  B.C. ;  and  from  that 
time  to  the  present  the  coins  of  the  various  nations  of  the  world 
which  have  outlasted  time  and  corrosion  are  the  most  valuable 
and  faithful  historians.  The  admirable  succession  of  coins  which 
some  large  collections  contain  serve  as  lasting  monuments  of  the 
great  events  in  national  history.  In  some  instances  it  is  by  coins 
alone  that  history  has  been  preserved. 

The  Macedonian  coinage  has  been  preserved  in  remarkable  suc- 
cession, and  a  view  of  the  history  of  that  coinage  would  probably 
be  the  best  possible  illustration  of  the  advance  of  the  art  from  the 
rudest  to  the  purest  specimens.  "We  illustrate,  however,  coins  of 
various  Eastern  countries  during  the  four  centuries  before  the 
Christian  era,  from  which  the  reader  will  be  enabled  to  gather  a' 
very  clear  idea  of  the  splendor  to  which  the  art  was  rapidly 
brought. 

The  period  of  Alexander  the  Great  is  one  of  great  interest  to 
the  numismatist.  During  the  reign  of  Amyntas  II.  in  Macedonia, 
B.C.  393-369,  there  was  a  great  improvement  in  coinage.  Up  to 
this  period  and  during  his  reign  the  punch-mark  on  the  reverse 

34 


// 


Plate  Xin. 


MACEDONIAN  COINAGE. 

of  many  coins  had  continued  in  use,  but  hereafter  it  is  not 
known. 

We  have  now  arrived  at  a  period  of  high  perfection  in  the  art 
of  coinage.  In  the  reign  of  Philip  II.  of  Macedon,  commencing 
359  B.C.,  and  continuing  twenty-four  years,  some  of  the  finest 
specimens  of  ancient  coinage  were  issued,  and  among  others  the 
gold  staters^  which  became  known  as  Philips^  and  gave  this  name 
to  the  gold  coins  of  Greece  for  a  long  period,  precisely  as  in 
modern  times  we  hear  of  Louis  and  Napoleons  in  France. 

When  Alexander  the  Grreat  ascended  the  throne  and  proceed- 
ed to  the  conquest  of  the  world,  he  scattered  his  coinage  over  the 
continent,  east  and  west,  in  an  immense  variety  of  forms.  So 
many  were  they,  that  they  are  the  cheapest  of  ancient  coins  even 
now,  and  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa  abundance  of  genuine  coins 
of  this  monarch  can  be  purchased  for  a  trifle  above  the  weight  of 
the  gold  or  silver.  It  is  not  uncommon,  in  modern  times,  for 
vases  of  the  Alexandrian  coins  to  be  turned  up  by  the  plowshare 
of  the  farmer,  and  in  all  the  towns  and  cities  of  the  East  men  are 
to  be  found  with  specimens  for  sale  in  a  fine  state  of  preserva- 
tion. Genuine  coins  of  Alexander  can  be  procured  at  such  low 
prices  that  it  has  hardly  been  an  object  to  counterfeit  them,  as 
has  been  done  with  many  others  (see  Plate  lY.,  Figures  3,  4,  5). 

The  Macedonian  coinage,  gold  and  silver,  continued  to  be 
fine  for  more  than  two  centuries.  But  it  was  not  alone  in  Mace- 
donia that  the  art  was  advancing,  as  all  the  illustrations  given  in 
this  volume  abundantly  testify.  In  all  the  East,  which  was  then 
the  civilized  world,  the  fine  arts  were  progressing  to  a  golden 
age.  Phidias  had  completed  the  Parthenon,  and  a  rare  coin  of 
an  early  time  shows  a  rude  view  of  the  Acropolis  (Plate  III., 
Figure  3),  the  statue  of  Minerva,  and  the  Parthenon ;  while  an- 
other (Plate  III.,  Figure  2)  shows  the  theatre  of  Dionysius  on  the 
side  of  the  Acropolis. 

It  is  remarkable  that  we  have  no  coins  of  Egypt  until  the  pe- 

36 


Plate  XIV. 


COINAGE  OF  THE  JEWS. 

riod  of  the  successors  of  Alexander.  That  old  land — first  in  arts 
and  sciences,  far  in  advance  of  all  the  world  in  architecture,  sculp- 
ture, painting,  music,  and  every  thing  that  adorns  civilization — 
seems  never  to  have  felt  the  necessity  of  a  circulating  medium 
other  than  the  ordinary  use  of  metals  by  weight,  and  the  inter- 
change of  commodities  by  barter.  This  may  have  been  owing 
to  the  character  of  the  country,  lying  as  it  did  along  the  banks 
of  the  Nile,  where  interchange  of  articles  by  barter  was  con- 
venient. 

The  ring  money  seems  to  have  been  used  in  Egypt  down  near- 
ly or  quite  to  Ptolemaic  times  (see  Plate  I.,  Figure  1).  That  it 
was  in  common  use,  and  was  the  standard  of  value,  the  monu- 
ments abundantly  testify,  since  we  find  in  countless  tombs  the 
pictures  of  this  money  in  the  enumerations  of  the  wealth  of  the 
proprietors,  and  these  tombs  are  of  all  periods  through  many  cen- 
turies. 

The  successors  of  Alexander,  however,  introduced  a  different 
style  of  money,  and  the  coins  of  the  Ptolemies  are  among  the 
most  splendid  relics  of  ancient  art.  They  extend  to  the  period 
of  Cleopatra,  of  whom  we  have  portraits  on  very  fine  coins  (Plate 
XI.,  Figure  1). 


III. 

(Joinage  of  il}t  JetD0. 


Although  our  earliest  records  of  the  use  of  money  are  found 
in  the  Hebrew  sacred  writings,  we  have  no  reason  to  suppose 
that  the  inhabitants  of  Palestine  had  any  coined  money  until 
shortly  before  the  Christian  era.  It  is  possible  that  the  Persian 
coins,  and  those  of  other  conquering  nations,  obtained  currency 
from  time  to  time  among  the  Jewish  people.    But  we  may  be 

38 


Plate  XV. 


JEWISH  SHEKEL. 

well  assured  that  they  had  no  coin  of  their  own  bearing  a  nation- 
al device  until  after  the  captivity. 

The  silver  shehel  has  now  become  quite  common  in  collec- 
tions. A  few  years  ago  it  was  very  rare.  But  within  the  past 
five  years  -a  large  number  of  them  have  been  found  at  Jerusalem, 
near  the  pool  of  Siloam,  evidently  washed  down  by  the  rain 
from  some  point  on  the  hill  of  Moriah,  or  the  opposite  slope 
of  Zion. 

The  only  extant  Jewish  coins  are  the  several  varieties  of  this 
silver  shehel.  In  the  first  book  of  Maccabees,  xv.  6,  in  the  let- 
ter of  Antiochus  the  king  to  Simon  the  high-priest,  and  to  the 
Jewish  nation,  occurs  this  passage :  "  And  I  give  thee  leave  to 
coin  money  of  thine  own  stamp  in  thine  own  country."  Simon 
Maccabaeus  probably  coined,  under  this  permission,  the  first  na- 
tional coinage  of  the  Jews.  We  give  an  example  of  his  issue. 
The  Jewish  coinage,  of  course,  bore  no  head  of  a  God  on  its 
face.  The  second  commandment  forbade  it.  But  the  pot  of 
manna  and  the  buds  of  Aaron's  rod  were  the  devices  adopted, 
with  legends  varying,  but  most  commonly  "  Shekel  Israel," 
"Jerusalem  Holy,"  or  "Schischimon  Prince  of  Israel." 
The  legends  were  in  the  ancient  form  of  Hebrew  character,  and 
not  in  the  debased  form  in  use  since  the  captivity.  An  example 
is  given  in  Plate  III.,  Figure  6. 

For  what  length  of  time  this  coinage  continued  in  Jerusalem 
we  can  not  say.  It  is  not  probable  that  it  was  of  long  duration. 
The  Greek  and  Roman  currency  took  its  place  in  time ;  and  al- 
though coins  of  Herod  and  of  Barkochebas  the  rebel  are  extant, 
it  seems  improbable  that  these  were  issued  to  any  great  extent. 
We  have  copper  coins  of  Agrippa,  very  rare,  and  these  complete 
the  entire  series  of  coins  of  Judea. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  any  idea  of  the  money  value  of  ancient 
coins  by  modern  money  terms.  The  size  of  the  shekels  now  ex- 
tant is  larger  than  the  American  quarter  dollar^  and  not  so  large 

40 


Plate  XVI. 


2                                                               3 

\                  '                                             J 

r                               ' 

J  tLMP  HADRIAN  I AVCI     i 

iff                    ■  1 

4 

li     "    "                            "    i 

||ir  ciB«if M0)Ke  e  sH  | 

ROMAN  COINAGE. 

as  the  half  dollar.  The  weight  is  274  Paris  grains.  In  the  17th 
chapter  of  Matthew  the  temple  tax,  or  tribute  money,  is  spoken 
of  as  a  didrachma.  Elsewhere  it  is  stated  at  a  half  shekel;  and  in 
the  same  chapter,  27th  verse,  a  stater  is  made  to  pay  the  tax  for 
two  persons.  The  few  verses  at  the  end  of  that  chapter  give  us 
some  light  on  the  relative  value  of  the  ancient  Jewish,  Eoman, 
and  Greek  coins. 


Koman  Coinage. 

WlTHOlJT  attempting  to  trace  the  history  of  coinage  through 
all  the  nations  of  the  earth,  we  content  ourselves  with  following 
it  rapidly  through  that  line  in  which  at  last  we  find  our  own 
coinage. 

The  Italians  early  learned  the  art  from  their  Eastern  neigh- 
bors, and  a  few  hundred  years  later  introduced  it  into  England, 
or  introduced  there  an  improvement  on  the  rude  forms  which  the 
inhabitants  of  that  barbarian  island  had  possibly  borrowed  from 
the  hordes  who  had  overrun  the  north  of  Europe. 

There  are  coins  extant  of  a  very  early  Eoman  period,  and  of 
the  nations  who  inhabited  Italy  when  Eome  was  in  its  infancy. 
The  first  coinage  of  copper  seems  to  have  been  Eoman.  They 
commenced  it  in  the  time  of  Servius  Tullius,  B.C.  578. 

ROMAN  COPPER. 

The  earliest  Eoman  coinage  was  of  the  metal  called  Aes.  It 
has  been  much  disputed  whether  there  was  any  zinc  in  its  compo- 
sition, and  if  any  the  alloy  must  have  been  very  small.  The  word 
Aes,  which  is  ordinarily  translated  brass,  became  a  synonym  with 
money,  so  that  Ulpian  said,  '*  We  call  even  our  golden  coins  aes." 

42 


Plate  XVII. 


ROMAN  COPPER  COINS. 

The  first  copper  or  brazen  coins  are  supposed  to  have  been  made 
by  Servius  Tullius,  Pliny  being  our  authority.  These  coins  were 
cast.  Specimens  have  been  found  adhering  one  to  another,  never 
having  been  broken  apart  since  taken  from  the  mould.  Being 
stamped  with  the  images  of  cattle  (pecus),  they  readily  gave  origin 
to  the  word  pecunia,  which  has  since  given  words  to  many  lan- 
guages descriptive  of  money  and  affairs  relating  to  money.  The 
first  coin  was  doubtless  the  aSy  and  weighed  one  pound.  Other 
heavy  coins  were  struck  or  cast,  even  to  the  weight  of  five  pounds. 
The  quincussis,  of  five  pounds'  weight,  is  illustrated  on  Plate 
VII.,  and  the  as  on  Plate  VIII.,  Figures  1  and  2.  According  to 
Pliny,  the  weight  of  the  as  was  reduced  at  the  time  of  the  first 
Punic  War,  about  B.C.  261,  when  it  appeared  at  one-sixth  its  for- 
mer weight.  Still  later,  about  B.C.  217,  it  was  reduced  to  one 
ounce,  and  about  B.C.  191  to  half  an  ounce.  Indeed  so  numerous 
were  the  changes,  that  the  as  has  been  found  of  almost  every 
weight,  from  the  full  pound  down  to  one-fifth  of  an  ounce.  The 
value  decreased  with 'the  weight,  and  it  seems  probable  that  this 
was  met  by  a  slight  increase  in  the  value  of  copper.  The  sub- 
divisions of  the  as  were  numerous,  of  which  the  most  common 
were  the  semiSj  or  half-o^;  the  triens,  or  third  part  of  an  as; 
the  quadrans,  being  the  fourth  part  of  an  as;  the  sextans,  or 
sixth  part  of  an  as;  the  uncia,  or  twelfth  part  of  an  as.  Illus- 
trations of  the  sextans  and  the  triens  will  be  found  on  Plate  VIII., 
reduced  in  size  one  half.  The  two  balls  on  one  and  four  on  the 
other  indicate  the  number  of  ounces  in  each  coin. 

The  as  was  used  by  the  boys  of  Eome  as  coppers  are  now, 
and  instead  of  "  Head  or  Tail,"  they  cried  ''  Heads  or  Ship"— 
"  Capita  aut  Navem" — alluding  to  the  heads  of  Janus  and  the 
prow  of  the  ship  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  coin ;  and  this  cry, 
"  Capita  aut  Navem,"  continued  in  use  among  the  Eoman  boys 
centuries  after  the  Heads  of  Janus  and  the  ship's  prow  had  dis- 
appeared from  the  coinage  of  the  country.     The  origin  of  such 

44 


Plate  XVm. 


ROMAN  GOLD  AND  SILVER. 

phrases  in  various  languages  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  studies 
connected  with  the  science  of  numismatics. 

-•  ROMAN  GOLD. 

The  Eoman  gold  coin,  which  was  the  standard,  was  called  the 
aureus^  or  the  aureus  nummus.  Its  value  in  modern  American 
gold  would  be  within  a  small  fraction  of  $5  10.  This  coinage 
was  first  made  about  B.C.  207.  No  gold  had  been  previously 
coined  in  Eome.  The  smallest  gold  coin  was  the  scrupulum^ 
which  weighed  18'06  grains,  and  was  of  the  value  of  twenty  ses- 
tertii Other  coins  were  struck  of  forty,  sixty,  and  eighty  sestertii. 
The  coin  of  sixty  sestertii  will  be  seen  illustrated  in  Plate  XII., 
Figure  4.  The  aureus  is  the  same  coin  known  in  later  times  as 
the  solidus. 

The  value  of  gold,  as  compared  with  silver,  of  course  changed 
in  different  ages,  and  the  changes  seem  to  have  been  more  fre- 
quent in  ancient  than  in  modern  times.  Herodotus,  in  the  95th 
section  of  The  Thalia,  in  estimating  the  tribute  paid  to  Darius, 
calculated  gold  as  worth  thirteen  times  the  same  weight  in  silver, 
showing  that  in  his  day  the  relative  value  was  estimated  as  1  to 
13.  This  was  about  B.C.  450.  Livy  (xxxviii.  11)  makes  the  pro- 
portion 1  to  10.  This  was  B.C.  190.  From  Suetonius  we  learn 
that  Julius  Caesar  once  exchanged  them  in  the  proportion  of  1  to 
9 ;  and  it  appears  that  under  the  Eoman  emperors  the  value  in- 
creased until  it  became,  under  Justinian,  1  to  14,  or  1  to  15. 

ROMAN  SILVER. 

Silver  was  first  coined  in  Eome  B.C.  269.  The  style  of  the 
most  common  early  silver  coins  may  be  seen  in  the  illustrations, 
Plate  X.,  Figure  7,  and  Plate  XII.,  Figures  3,  8,  and  9.  These 
bear  the  Dioscuri  and  the  bigatus  and  quadrigatus,  from  which 
last  devices  the  coins  were  called  higati  or  quadrigati.  The  prin- 
cipal silver  coin  was  the  denarius^  so  called  because  its  value  was 

46 


Plate  XIX. 


ROMAN  SILVER  COINS. 

ten  ases.  Originally  there  were  eighty-four  denarii  to  a  pound 
weight;  but  a  reduction  was  made  to  ninety-six,  although  the 
period  of  the  change  is  somewhat  uncertain. 

The  value  of  the  denarius,  under  the  former  weight,  was  about 
seventeen  cents  American,  and  under  the  latter  weight  about  fif- 
teen cents.  The  Eomans  coined  silver  of  as  low  a  value  as  the 
fortieth  part  of  a  denariv^  the  smallest  coin  being  the  teruncius. 
Other  silver  coins  were  known  as  the  sembella,  which  was  two  te- 
runcii,  or  a  half  libella ;  the  lihella,  one- tenth  of  the  denarius,  and 
of  course  the  equivalent  of  the  as  ;  the  sestertius,  or  quarter  dena- 
rius; and  the  quinarius,  or  half  denarius,  which  was  also  known  as 
the  Victoriatus. 

Although  the  drachma  of  Athens  was  originally  somewhat 
heavier  than  the  denarius  of  Kome,  it  is  probable  that,  in  later 
periods,  its  weight  decreased,  and  the  two  coins  would  probably 
pass  equally  well  in  either  country.  This  denarius  continued  to 
be  a  Koman  coin,  was  introduced  into  Britain,  and,  finally,  re- 
duced to  be  the  silver  penny  of  England ;  and  to  this  day  appears 
in  English  coinage  as  the  letter  D,  which  represents  pence  in  the 
notation  of  £  s.  d. 

The  collector  who  proposes  to  devote  his  attention  to  Eoman 
coins  will  find  the  field  inexhaustible.  It  would  be  vain,  in  a  vol- 
ume like  the  present,  to  attempt  any  instructions  on  the  subject, 
and  we  must  leave  him  to  examine  the  numerous  and  learned 
works  on  the  subject  with  which  our  public  libraries  abound. 

Through  the  long  course  of  Koman  history  the  art  of  coinage 
had  its  periods  of  elevation  and  depression.  In  the  Augustan 
Age  it  flourished.  The  splendid  medals,  the  noble  coins  of  that 
period  may  well  have  been  the  origin,  as  before  intimated,  of  the 
celebrated  line  of  Horace :  "  Exegi  Tnonumentum  Mre  perenniusf^ 
for  the  next  line  is  by  no  means  necessarily  connected  with  it,  as 
some  have  supposed,  confining  the  idea  of  the  monument  to  a 
brazen  pillar.     In  the  Eastern  empire  the  art  of  coining  never  re- 

48 


Plate  XX. 


BRITISH  COINS. 

ceived  mucli  attention,  and  few  coins  or  medals,  among  tlie  im- 
mense number  which  are  extant,  indicate  even  a  mediocre  skill 
in  workmanship.  A  medal  of  Justinian  (Plate  XVIII.,  Figure 
1),  and  some  few  coins  of  different  periods,  on  Plates  XYII.  and 
XIX.,  illustrate  our  subject  better  than  pages  of  description.  Long 
before  these  coins  were  struck,  the  history  of  British  coinage  had 
commenced. 


V. 

Coinage  of  Britain. 

The  tistory  of  the  British  coinage  is  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able illustrations  of  the  progress  of  art  in  the  world.  A  glance 
at  the  illustrations  which  this  volume  contains  will  show  the 
reader  a  series  of  coins  in  unbroken  succession,  through  all  the 
changing  events  which  have  marked  the  history  of  the  British 
Islands.  These  are,  of  course,  but  few  of  the  coins  of  England. 
But  if  every  other  relic  of  art  were  lost,  if  all  the  volumes  of 
written  history  were  destroyed,  we  should  be  able  out  of  these 
materials  to  reconstruct  a  large  portion  of  the  history  of  England. 
We  could,  at  least,  give  the  succession  of  monarchs  from  the  pe- 
riod of  the  Norman  invasion,  without  loss  of  a  name. 

The  Komans,  according  to  Caesar,  found  no  coinage  in  England. 
The  inhabitants,  for  the  most  part,  used  the  torques,  or  ring  mon- 
ey, before  spoken  of  and  illustrated  (Plate  XXIII.,  Figure  1). 

Some  coins  of  apparently  a  very  early  period,  and  bearing 
names  of  individuals  contemporary  with  Caesar,  have  been  found. 
These  coins,  illustrated  on  Plate  XXIII.,  haVe  given  rise  to  much 
interesting  discussion.  More  than  forty  have  been  discovered  in 
various  places  which  have  the  name  of  Cunobelin  (the  Cymbeline 
of  Shakspeare).    A  very  interesting  coin  is  extant  with  the  name 

60 


Plate  XXI. 


1- A    COINEK    AT    WOKK. 

(From  the  Capital  of  a  Column  in  Normandy.) 


2. — A  Coining  Establishment. 

(From  an  old  (Jennan  Wood-cut.) 


SAXON  COINAGE. 

of  Boadicea  or  Boduodicea,  and  others  with  the  name  of  Segonax, 
one  of  the  Kings  of  Kent  who  attacked  Caesar.  The  letters 
Tascia  occurring  on  many  of  these  coins,  have  given  rise  to  the 
idea  that  they  were  coins  of  Tasciavanos,  the  father  of  Segonax. 
But  another  opinion  holds  that  all  these  coins  are  of  a  much  later 
period,  and  that  they  bear  only  such  names  or  legends  as  the 
makers  thought  fit  to  put  on  them.  That  they  were,  in  fact, 
tokens ;  or  that  they  were  struck  to  pay  taxes  with,  and  that  the 
word  Tascia  is  an  English  corruption  of  the  Latin  taxatio.  The 
idea  has  also  been  advanced  that  they  were  tickets  of  member- 
ship of  certain  orders  or  societies,  of  much  more  recent  date  than 
Caesar. 

It  is  quite  certain,  whatever  may  be  true  of  these  coins,  that 
England  had  no  coinage  prior  to  the  Eoman  invasion.  Imme- 
diately after  that  event,  it  is  probable  that  the  Komans  introduced 
the  art ;  and  the  coins  we  have  referred  to,  if  struck  at  all  as 
coins,  doubtless  appeared  between  that  time  and  the  reign  of 
Claudius ;  and  although  there  are  coins  of  Claudius  relating  to 
Britain,  which  were  struck  about  A.D.  46  (see  Plate  XXV.,  Figures 
2,  3),  yet  it  is  impossible  to  affirm  that  any  mint  was  established 
in  England,  or  that  any  coins  were  actually  struck  on  the  island 
imtil  the  time  of  Carausius.  He  being,  in  fact,  an  English  em- 
peror, struck  coins  which  are  extant,  and  there  is  no  reason  to 
doubt  that  they  were  struck  in  England  (see  Plate  XXY.,  Fig- 
ure 6,  and  Plate  XXYH.,  Figure  1). 

The  Saxon  sJceaitce  were  the  first  purely  English  coins  in  circu- 
lation of  which  we  have  any  knowledge.  Their  value  is  doubt- 
ful, but  they  would  seem  to  have  been  worth  not  far  from  a  penny. 
In  the  laws  of  Athelstan  it  is  said  that  80,000  of  them  are  spoken 
of  as  equivalent  to  £120,  which  would  make  them  worth  a  little 
less  than  a  penny.  They  gave  place  to  the  silver  pennies  of  the 
Saxon  kings,  of  which  some  illustrations  are  given  on  Plate 
XXYH. 

62 


Plate  XXH. 


EARLY  BRITISH  COINS. 

The  word  jpenny  was  derived  either  from  the  Latin  pecunia^ 
money,  or  from  pendo^  to  weigh.  We  have  already  said  that  it 
was  of  the  value  of  the  Roman  denarius^  and  its  successor  in  En- 
gland. The  word  cattle  was  also  adopted  by  the  English  from 
the  Norman,  and  used  to  signify,  in  general,  a  man's  property ; 
whence  came  the  word  chattel,  applied  to  any  species  of  move- 
able property.  How  far  this  use  of  the  word  has  connection  with 
the  Latin  use  of  pecus  smd  pecuniaj  we  leave  to  the  conjecture  or 
examination  of  the  reader. 

The  first  QiLyei  penny  now  extant  is  of  a  period  after  the  middle 
of  the  eighth  century.  This  is  of  Ethelbert  II.,  King  of  Kent 
and  Bretwalda  (Plate  XXYII.,  Fig.  8) ;  but  the  genuineness  of 
this  coin  has  been  doubted.  There  are,  however,  coins  of  Cuth- 
red,  A.D.  798  to  805,  and  of  Baldred,  a.d.  823,  both  Kings  of  Kent. 

Of  Offa  there  are  interesting  coins  (see  Plate  XXYII.,  Fig.  2). 
He  was  King  of  Mercia,  a.d.  757  to  796.  A  curious  Arabic  coin 
has  been  found  with  his  name  on  the  reverse,  whence  it  was  sup- 
posed that  the  Arabic  coins  of  Spain  obtained  circulation  in  En- 
gland at  that  time.  It  is  recorded,  however,  that  Offa  promised 
the  Pope's  legate  396  gold  marcuses^  and  these  Arabic  marcuses  may 
have  been  coined  in  England  expressly  for  the  present.  They 
are  curious  coins  for  a  present  to  the  legate  of  the  Pope,  bearing 
as  they  do  the  usual  Arabic  legend :  ''  Mohammed  is  God's  apos- 
tle." We  shall  not  pause  to  speak  of  the  other  Saxon  coins,  of 
which  numerous  specimens  exist.  Egbert  and  Ethelwulf  left 
many  coins.  Of  Ethelbald  (855  to  860)  none  are  with  certainty 
known.  Of  Ethelbearht  (856  to  866)  we  have  many,  as  well  as 
of  Ethelred  (866  to  871).  Then  came  Alfred  the  Great,  and  from 
his  time  the  succession  is  very  perfect  down  to  the  Anglo-Norman 
dynasty. 

William  I.  introduced  the  Norman  shilling  of  twelve  pennies  as 
a  name  of  money,  but  not  as  a  coin.  The  Saxon  shilling  {soil  or 
scilling)  was  at  first  five,  and  afterward  four  pennies ;  but  the  Nor- 

54 


Plate  XXIII. 


1. — ^English  Torques  and  Ring  Money. 


•• 

••&• 

#« 


•« 


^tk    dfUf-iiBfc 


2. — Early  English  Coins. 


ENGLISH  GOLD  COIN. 

man  value  prevailed  at  a  later  day,  though  the  coin  was  never 
struck  till  the  reign  of  Henry  YII. 

The  word  shilling  has  been  by  some  derived  from  the  Latin 
sidlicus  (a  quarter  ounce),  and  by  others  from  a  Saxon  word  sig- 
nifying a  scale.  The  pound  was,  of  course,  a  weight  originally ; 
but  it  is  remarkable  that  the  standard  gold  coin  of  all  nations  and 
times  continued  to  be  of  about  the  value  of  the  ancient  Grecian 
stater. 

The  word  sterling^  in  connection  with  the  English  pound,  is 
said  to  have  been  at  first  easterlingj  which  was  a  name  given  to 
the  mint  examiners,  who  perhaps  made  an  annual  visitation  at 
Easter.  The  term  literally  signifies  "  according  to  the  mint  rules." 
Others  derive  the  word  easterling  from  Grerman  traders  who  fre- 
quented English  markets  in  those  times,  and  who  dealt  only  for 
pure  gold  or  silver  coin. 

In  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  a  few  gold  pennies  were  issued  as  a 
sort  of  trial  piece ;  but  the  beginning  of  English  gold  coinage  was 
not  till  Edward  III.,  whenflorinsj  half  florins,  and  quarter  flxxrins 
were  issued.  They  were  at  once  recalled,  however,  and  a  new 
coin,  the  gold  nohh,  deriving  its  name  from  the  nobility  of  its 
metal,  made  its  appearance.  This  coin,- with  its  reverse  showing 
the  king  at  the  helm  of  the  ship  of  state,  is  the  first  specimen  of 
great  advance  in  the  art  of  coinage  in  England  (Plate  XXIX., 
Figure  8).  This  monarch  also  adopted  some  curious  legends  on 
his  coins.  This  one,  for  example,  has  the  passage,  "  Jesus  autem 
TKANSiENS  PER  MEDIUM  ILLORUM  IBAT ;"  the  half  nohUs  have, 

"  DOMINE  NE  IN  FURORE  TUO  ARGUAS  ME."      A  variety  of  this 

last  coin  has  been  found,  and  is  in  the  British  Museum,  on  which 
the  word  ne  is  omitted,  making  the  prayer  decidedly  contrary  to 
what  the  monarch  intended. 

The  series  of  illustrations  which  are  given  herewith  afibrd  to 
the  reader  a  very  perfect  history  of  the  British  coinage  down  to 
a  recent  period. 

66 


SIEGE-PIECES. 

The  chief  departures  from  the  regular  series  have  been  in  the 
issue  of  siege-pieces,  of  which  some  illustrations  are  given.  There 
have  been  times  in  the  history  of  most  modem  nations  when  the 
monarch  had  either  lost  possession  of  the  mint,  or  when  the  ex- 
igencies of  the  times  compelled  the  immediate  conversion  of  bul- 
lion or  plate  into  money  without  the  minting  process.  Thus  at 
sieges  of  cities  it  has  frequently  been  found  convenient  to  cut 
plate  into  squares,  diamonds,  or  irregular  shapes,  and  stamp  on 
the  pieces  their  respective  values.  These  pieces  are  known  as 
siege-pieces,  and  are  prized  by  collectors  as  curious.  Such  are 
the  Newark  and  Scarborough,  Colchester  and  Beeston  Castle 
pieces  of  Charles  I.,  shown  in  Plate  LXV. 

58 


Plate  XXV. 


VI. 

Coin  in  21  merit  a. 

COLONIAL  COINS. 

The  necessity  of  coin  as  a  medium  of  trade  was  felt  in  Amer- 
ica at  an  early  period  after  the  settlement  of  the  country.  The 
wampum  of  the  Indians  was  used  by  the  white  settlers  of  Massa- 
chusetts to  a  considerable  extent,  at  first.  Wampum  seems  to  be 
a  primitive  form  of  money,  unlike  that  of  any  other  part  of  the 
world.  The  value  of  gold  depends  on  its  scarcity,  and  of  silver 
as  well.  Sheep  and  cattle  were  worth  more  or  less  as  they  served 
the  purposes  of  men  for  food  or  labor ;  but  wampum  is  the  result 
of  labor  only,  and  its  value  seems  to  be  only  the  value  of  so  many 
hours'  work  of  a  man's  hands.  It  consisted  of  strings  of  white 
shell,  a  valueless  article  itself,  except  as  it  had  cost  time  and  labor 
to  make  it  on  the  sea-shores  of  New  England. 

Is  there  not  a  lesson  in  this  North  American  Indian  medium 
of  circulation  to  which,  in  a  more  civilized  nation,  and  a  later 
period,  we  may  turn  with  some  degree  of  respect  ?  Are  we  not 
arriving  at  an  age  in  the  world  when  gold  is  becoming  more 
plenty,  when  its  proportionate  value  to  other  metals  is  vastly 
decreasing,  and  when  some  new  standard  of  value  will  be  neces- 
sary? Have  we  not  already  arrived  at  an  age  when  the  true 
standard  of  value  is  labor?  It  is  worth  thinking  of,  to  say  the 
least  of  it. 

The  earliest  coin  supposed  to  have  been  struck  for  American  cir- 
culation was  a  piece  of  brass  called  the  Somers  Islands  piece.  The 
Bermudas  were  discovered  in  the  sixteenth  century,  but  after- 

60 


PINE-TREE  MONEY. 

ward  named  the  Somers  Islands  from  Sir  George  Somers,  who 
was  wrecked  there  in  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
There  is  extant  in  England  a  specimen  of  a  coin,  with  a  hog  on 
one  side  and  a  rude  ship  or  vessel  on  the  other.  The  legend  is 
Somers  Islands  XII.  This  coin  has  no  date.  Not  more  than 
three  specimens  are  extant.  The  coin  is  of  little  interest  to  us  as 
a  nation,  not  being  continental.  It  is  not  even  certain  that  it 
ever  reached  the  islands,  and  it  is  quite  certain  that  it  never  was 
used  there  as  a  currency.  A  very  handsome  copy  of  this  piece 
has  been  recently  struck  by  a  coin-dealer  in  Philadelphia. 

The  first  coins  strictly  North  American  were  the  New  England 
coinage  of  the  Massachusetts  Mint,  in  1652.  First  came  the  New 
England  coins  of  one  shilling  and  sixpence  (Plate  XCIX.,  Figures 
1  and  2),  bearing  on  their  faces  the  simple  legends  N.  E.  XII., 
and  N.  E.  YI.  This  was  as  rude  an  attempt  at  coinage  as  that 
of  the  lonians  or  the  Miletians  of  old  time.  But  it  answered  all 
the  purposes  of  a  young  nation  for  a  little  while.  It  appears, 
however,  that  so  long  ago  as  1652  there  were  among  our  Puritan 
forefathers  some  who  would  clip  the  edges  of  a  coin  before  they 
passed  it  out  of  their  hands,  and  this  coin  was  eminently  con- 
venient for  the  dishonest  uses  of  such  individuals.  Hence  the 
New  England  coins  were  soon  suppressed,  and  the  coins  known 
by  the  general  term  Pine-tree  Coinage  took  their  place. 
The  New  England  coins  are  now  very  scarce,  and  most  highly 
prized  by  collectors.  They  have  been  very  successfully  counter- 
feited. 

The  Pine-tree  coinage  was  issued  in  large  quantities — in  shil- 
lingsj  sixpences^  threepences^  and  twopences.  Of  these  there  were 
several  dies.  The  trees  were  according  to  the  fancy  of  the  artist. 
We  have  one  known  as  the  Shrub  or  Scrvh  Oah  shilling,  and 
others  as  before  named.  They  differ  also  in  size  and  in  weight. 
This  coinage  was  continued  for  thirty-three  or  four  years,  the 
date  (1652)  being  never  changed  on  the  coins.     The  two-penny 


Plate  XXVH. 


MASSACHUSETTS  MINT. 

piece  was  not  issued  till  1662,  and  always  afterward  bore  that 
date. 

The  Massachusetts  Mint  was  a  source  of  quarrel  between  the 
colonists  and  the  crown.  It  grew  out  of  the  necessities  of  the 
colony,  for  the  only  money  in  circulation  in  America  was  the 
Spanish  coinage,  rude,  clipped,  and  uncertain,  while  the  supply 
was  small  (a  specimen,  of  a  later  date,  is  given  in  Plate  CY.,  Fig- 
ure 2).  The  history  of  the  quarrel  is  full  of  amusing  incidents, 
which  will  be  found  related  in  the  histories  of  the  times.  The 
mint  was  once  saved  by  a  witty  Massachusetts  man,  who  told 
Charles  II.  tliat  the  oak  on  the  coin  was  the  tree  that  saved  his 
majesty's  life,  placed  there  in  honor  of  him ! 

There  is  a  story  told  of  John  Hull,  the  mint-master  of  Boston, 
who  coined  the  Pine-tree  money,  which  sounds  more  romantic 
than  it  appears  in  fact.  Hull  received  one  shilling  out  of  every 
twenty  he  coined  for  his  labor  and  expenses.  It  was  a  great 
grist  that  was  brought  to  his  mill,  and  this  was  a  toll  in  silver 
which  made  him  in  time  one  of  the  richest  men  in  the  colony. 
"When  his  daughter  was  married  to  Samuel  Sewall,  he  gave  her, 
for  dowry,  the  Pine-tree  shillings  which  equaled  her  own  weight, 
she  being  placed  in  one  side  of  the  scales  and  the  shillings  poured 
in  the  other,  the  wedding-day  being  selected  for  the  trial.  If  the 
girl  was  of  modern  mould  we  might  think  a  hundred  pounds  a 
fair  light  weight,  and  the  dowry  would  then  not  seem  large,  for  a 
hundred  pounds  of  silver  were  not  then  worth  much  more  than 
$1600,  and  the  girl  was  not  worth  much  if  that  were  all  her 
value.  A  very  different  weight  from  the  $150,000  which,  in 
several  articles  and  works  on  numismatics,  has  been  placed  as  the 
weight  of  the  dowry.  '*  Lumping"  the  young  lady  in  such  style 
would  make  her  weigh  nearly  ten  thousand  pounds ! 

There  was  as  yet  no  copper  coinage  for  America.  In  1694  a 
token  made  its  appearance  in  England  bearing  on  one  side  an 
elephant,  and  pn  the  other  a  legend,  God  preserve  London. 

64 


MARYLAND  COINAGE.  ' 

Where  or  by  whom  issued  does  not  now  appear,  and  it  remains 
probable  that  it  was  a  tradesman's  issue  to  attract  attention,  or  to 
serve  for  copper  change.  The  device,  however,  attracted  some 
one's  eye  who  thought  it  the  basis  of  a  good  colonial  speculation, 
and  two  coins  or  tokens  shortly  after  made  their  appearance  with 
legends  varying  on  the  reverse,  God  pkeserve  New  England, 
1694,  on  one,  and  God  preserve  Carolina  and  The  LoiJds 
Proprietors,  1694,  on  the  other.  These  do  not  seem  to  have 
gone  into  circulation  at  all.  The  wants  of  the  colonies  now  be- 
gan to  be  pressing  for  copper  money.  But  their  appeals  to  the 
home  government  were  vain  till  1749,  when  ten  tons  of  copper 
money  were  exported  to  Massachusetts.  At  the  present  day  we 
find  among  the  old  copper  in  circulation  many  very  fine  speci- 
mens of  English  half-pennies  of  1749,  always  in  better  condition 
than  any  other  year.  It  may  be  owing  to  this  importation  that 
these  coins  remain  in  America  in  such  fine  preservation. 

The  Colony  of  Maryland  had  at  an  early  date  taken  means  to 
supply  some  of  their  wants,  and  had  ordered  the  coinage  of  silver 
as  early  as  1661.  Lord  Baltimore  issued  coins,  bearing  on  the 
obverse  the  legend  C^cilius,  Dns:  Terr^:  Marije:  &  ct, 
around  a  bust  of  Lord  Baltimore,  and  on  the  reverse  his  arms 
with  the  motto  Crescite:  et  Multiplicamini  (Plate  XCIX., 
Figure  6).  Copper  half-pennies  were  also  issued  at  or  about  the 
same  time,  but  they  never  went  into  circulation.  There  is  but 
one  specimen  of  this  copper  coin  now  known.  It  was  sold  in 
England  within  the  past  year  at  auction,  and  brought  $362. 

The  silver  coins  were  a  shilling,  sixpence,  and  groat.  The  groat 
was  fourpence;  the  name  derived  (by  error  of  pronunciation 
among  the  illiterate)  from  qitart  (four).  The  coin  was  long 
known  and  common  in  English  coinage,  but  is  wholly  unknown 
in  America  at  present. 

We  should  mention,  in  passing,  a  variety  of  the  Massachusetts 
silver,  which  has  caused  not  a  little  dispute.    There  was  in  En- 

66 


Plate  XXIX. 


COLONIAL  COINS. 

gland,  some  time  since,  a  coin  known  as  the  Oood  Samaritan 
shilling^  closely  resembling  the  Pine-tree  shilling^  except  that  in 
place  of  the  tree  was  a  group  representing  the  story  of  the 
Good  Samaritan.  This  coin  was  pronounced  a  forgery  by  com- 
mon consent,  until  quite  recently  an  American  collector  has  ob- 
tained one,  the  second  specimen  known,  and  is  very  confident 
that  it  is  a  genuine  coin.  His  judgment  is  to  be  relied  on,  and  it 
may  therefore  with  confidence  be  ranked  among  the  American 
coins. 

France  probably  struck  the  first  copper  money  which  obtained 
circulation  as  a  coin  on  this  continent.  In  1721  the  Mint  issued 
a  small  copper  coin,  apparently  though  not  certainly,  for  use  in 
Louisiana,  having  for  its  obverse  a  double  L,  the  initial  of  the 
monarch's  name  (Louis  XV.),  crowned,  with  the  legend  Sit  No- 
men  Domini  Benedictum  (Plate  XCIX.,  Figure  5).  The  same 
legend  is  found  on  a  large  portion  of  the  coins  of  this  monarch. 
The  reverse  was  simply  the  legend  Colonies  FRAN901SES,  1721, 
H.  The  second  issue  of  the  same  coin  was  made  in  1722,  after 
which  it  did  not  appear  again  until  1767,  when  it  was  enlarged 
and  the  metal  changed  in  quality,  so  that  we  have  a  larger  coin 
at  that  period,  of  nearly  perfect  brass,  with  similar  legends,  but 
in  much  better  style. 

At  almost  the  same  period  the  "  Wood  money,"  as  it  has  been 
called,  was  introduced  into  America  (Plate  XCIL,  Figure  4). 

The  English  Grovernment  issued,  in  1722,  to  one  "William 
Wood  a  patent  for  coining  various  copper  pieces  for  the  use  of 
Ireland.  The  grant  was  made  for  a  period  of  fourteen  years, 
and  the  quantity  limited  to  860  tons  of  copper.  The  money 
issued  by  Wood  was  certainly  more  beautiful  than  had  before 
appeared  in  English  dominions.  The  three  reverses  were  all 
fine  specimens  of  art  for  the  period,  but  its  small  size  attracted 
attention,  and  a  storm  of  rage  in  all  of  Ireland  broke  out  against 
it.     Dean  Swift,  then  in  Dublin,  led  on  the  attack  with  his  cele- 

68 


GRANBY  COPPERS. 

brated  anonymous  letters  known  as  "  Drapier's  Letters."  The 
Government  offered  £300  reward  for  tlie  discovery  of  the  author 
of  one  of  them — a  reward  that  was  laughed  at  in  Dublin.  The 
money  failed  in  Ireland,  and  large  quantities  of  it  were  sent  on 
speculation  to  America,  where  it  probably  failed  as  well.  Even 
at  the  present  day  these  pieces  are  frequently  to  be  found  in  cir- 
culation in  our  country. 

But  other  pieces  were  coined  by  Wood,  under  a  special  patent 
for  America,  which  were  somewhat  more  successful.  This  was 
known  as  the  Bosa  Amerwana  coinage  (of  1722,  etc.),  so  called  from 
the  device  on  the  face  of  the  pieces  (see  Plate  CI.,  Figure  1).  The 
issue  consisted  of  2,  penny ^  a  half-penny^  and  2^  farthing.  They  were 
all  issued  in  different  varieties.  Thus  we  have  each  coin  with  a 
rose  crowned,  as  in  the  illustration,  and  also  each  coin  with  a  rose 
not  crowned.  The  penny  appeared  also  in  1733,  with  a  different 
rose,  and  a  head  looking  to  the  left.  This  coinage  circulated 
chiefly  at  the  South.     It  found  no  favor  at  the  North. 

A  tin  piece  issued  by  James  II.  has  been  usually  classed  among 
the  coins  struck  for  America ;  but  there  does  not  seem  to  be  any 
evidence  that  this  coin  had  any  special  relation  to  the  Western 
Continent,  or  that  it  was  ever  seen  here  in  the  last  century.  We 
may,  therefore,  safely  reject  it  from  the  series. 

The  earliest  copper  coin  which  it  can,  with  any  degree  of  cer- 
tainty, be  affirmed  was  struck  in  America,  was  a  private  coinage 
in  the  little  village  of  Granby,  in  Connecticut.  This  was  the  pro- 
duction of  one  Higley,  or  Highley.  We  prefer  to  call  him  Hig- 
ley,  since  that  is  the  sound  commonly  given  to  the  name,  and 
that  is  the  true  Connecticut  orthography.  He  was  an  inhabitant 
of  Granby,  but  his  condition  in  life  has  been  subject  of  dispute. 
By  some  he  is  called  a  blacksmith,  by  others  a  physician.  On 
reference  to  the  Colonial  Eecords  of  Connecticut,  edited  by  J. 
Hammond  Trumbull,  Esq.,  we  find  that  in  October,  1682,  one 
John  Higley  suffered  an  execution  against  him  for  twenty-six 

70 


Plate  XXXI. 


GRANBY  COPPERS. 

gallons  of  rum ;  and  after  that  we  trace  John  Higley's  trouble 
with  his  creditor,  one  Trueman,  through  the  usual  course  of  sup- 
plementary proceedings  and  appeals.  Possibly  he  is  the  same 
Higley  who,  at  a  later  period  and  a  very  advanced  age,  introduced 
into  America  the  art  of  coining  copper  money.  Or,  if  it  should 
seem  that  he  was  too  old  a  man  fifty -six  years  after  1682,  when 
he  was  old  enough  to  have  a  bill  for  rum,  it  may  have  been  his 
son.  In  either  case,  and  whatever  may  have  been  the  name  or 
the  business  of  the  man,  Connecticut  has  the  honor  of  introducing 
to  the  Western  Continent,  or  at  least  to  that  portion  of  it  now  called 
the  United  States,  the  art  of  striking  copper  money,  as  Massachu- 
setts had  introduced  silver. 

In  1737  Mr.  Higley,  of  Grranby,  made  or  procured  a  rude  set 
of  dies,  and  out  of  copper  dug  in  Granby  (where  they  dig  it  now) 
he  coined  various  coppers,  one  of  which  we  illustrate  (Plate  XCIX., 
Figure  7).  These  coppers  circulated  in  Connecticut  and  New  En- 
gland ;  but  being  of  excellent  metal,  soft  and  easily  rubbed,  they 
wore  off  and  became  smooth.  They  have  almost  entirely  dis- 
appeared, and  the  few  specimens  now  in  cabinets  are  highly 
prized. 

There  are  several  varieties.  One  is  like  the  illustration  in  the 
devices,  but  the  legend  around  the  deer  is  The  Yalue  of  Three 
Pence,  and  around  the  hammers,  Connecticut,  1737.  Another 
has,  instead  of  the  hammers,  a  broad  axe,  with  the  legend,  I  Cut 
MY  Way  Through. 

The  value  of  this  rare  coin  has  recently  given  rise  to  a  suit  at 
law  in  Connecticut,  in  which  a  purchaser,  who  brought  his  action 
for  the  value  of  a  Granby  which  the  seller  refused  to  deliver,  act- 
ually recovered  $50  as  the  value  of  the  coin.  This  valuation  is 
exorbitant.  The  Granby  copper  brings  from  $13  to  $25  at  auc- 
tion in  New  York  city. 

In  1773  a  copper  coin  was  struck  in  England  for  use  in  Vir- 
ginia, which  was  a  very  beautiful  coin.    It  has  been  said  that  the 

72 


COLONIAL  MONEY. 

issue  of  this  coin  had  some  reference  to  an  interesting  historical 
fact ;  namely,  the  invitation  which  had  long  before  been  extended 
to  Charles  II.  by  Virginia  to  come  over  and  establish  his  throne 
in  the  Dominion — an  invitation  which  the  King  did  not  forget, 
but  subsequently  honored  by  allowing  Virginia  to  adopt  his  own 
arms.  We  know  no  authority  for  this  statement,  but  the  coin  re- 
mains as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  early  coins  of  America 
(Plate  XCIX.,  Figure  4).  It  was  struck  in  two  sizes,  but  the 
sizes  probably  did  not  differ  in  value.  Copies  are  known  in  sil- 
ver, but  it  never  circulated  as  a  silver  coin. 

On  the  approach  of  the  Eevolution  a  token  or  coin,  now  known 
as  the  Pitt  or  No  Stamps  token  (Plate  CI.,  Figure  4),  made  its  ap- 
pearance in  Massachusetts.  It  referred  to  the  odious  Stamp  Act, 
and  may  have  been  popular  as  a  medalet,  though  its  history  is 
lost.  Some  have  supposed  that  it  was  struck  in  Boston,  and  have 
given  the  credit  of  it  to  Colonel  Kevere,  whose  memory  has  to 
bear  the  weight  of  a  large  number  of  poorly-executed  copper 
coins,  which  do  more  credit  to  his  patriotism  than  his  taste.  We 
know  of  no  authority  for  attributing  this  coin  to  him,  and  it  ap- 
pears to  us  of  English  origin ;  but  it  is  a  rare  and  highly  interest- 
ing relic  of  the  times. 

Other  coins  are  known  which  are  supposed  to  be  the  issue 
of  Massachusetts  experimenters  in  patriotic  times.  Thus  there 
is  a  Janus  head,  rudely  imitating  the  Eoman  as  on  a  very  small 
scale,  with  a  reverse,  the  Goddess  of  Liberty.  Another  is  a  pine- 
tree  copper,  with  the  legend  American  Liberty;  and  another 
has  the  words  Independens  Status  around  a  bust.  These  and 
others  are  illustrated  in  Dr.  Dickeson's  work  on  American  coins, 
all  of  them  very  rare,  some  unique,  but  one  and  all  of  very  doubt- 
ful origin. 

During  the  war  no  coins  were  issued,  unless  the  pewter  medalet 
of  1776,  with  its  Continental  Currency  legend,  can  be  called 
a  coin  (Plate  CIX.,  Figure  3) ;  but  when  the  war  was  ended  the 

74 


Plate  XXXIIL 


COLONIAL  MONEY. 

demand  of  tlie  country  for  coin  was  loud  and  imperative,  and  was 
answered  in  all  directions. 

The  Georgius  Triumpho  copper  was  among  the  first  in  the  field 
(see  Plate  CIII.,  Figure  1).  It  was  modeled  on  the  Txalf-penny  of 
the  English  King,  and  struck  in  England,  but  the  legend  mani- 
festly referred  to  George  Washington.  There  is  not  the  slightest 
reason  for  the  common  appellation  of  Tory  cent  which  has  been 
given  to  this  coin.  Liberty  standing  behind  her  barrier  of  thir- 
teen bars  (the  engraver  has  mistaken  the  number  in  our  illustra- 
tion) sufficiently  attests  the  character  of  the  coin.  A  large  supply 
of  copper  coin,  probably  struck  in  England,  appeared  in  immense 
quantities  in  1783.  These  were  the  Nova  Gonstdlatio  coppers  (see 
Plate  CI.,  Figures  5  and  6).  Of  these  there  are  five  very  distinct 
varieties  and  many  inferior  varieties.  A  similar  coin,  of  larger 
size,  with  the  same  legends,  is  said  to  exist  in  silver,  having  under 
the  letters  U.  S.  the  figures  1000.  Another,  of  the  size  of  the 
copper,  having  the  figures  500,  is  also  described ;  and  the  piece 
known  as  the  Immune  Columbia  silver  piece  has  the  Nova  Gon- 
stdlatio obverse,  and  Liberty  seated  on  the  reverse,  with  the  legend 
Immune  Columbia.  All  these  pieces  will  be  found  fully  de- 
scribed, with  their  varieties,  in  such  works  as  Dr.  Dickeson's. 
The  plan  of  our  sketch  forbids  more  than  a  reference  to  them. 
(The  Washington  tokens  of  1783,  which  now  appeared,  we  shall 
describe  in  another  connection.) 

The  Pine-tree  shillings  never  circulated  out  of  New  England,  and 
in  time  silver  money  became  very  scarce.  One  J.  Chalmers,  in 
1788,  struck  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  silver  coins,  which  appear 
to  have  obtained  considerable  circulation,  and  are  known  as  the 
Chalmers  shilling^  sixpence,  and  threepence  (see  Plate  CY.,  Figure  4). 
Specimens  are  now  rare  and  highly  prized. 

STATE  COINAGE. 

Various  States  established  Mints.    Connecticut  in  1785 ;  other 

76 


STATE  COINAGE. 

States  as  soon  or  immediately  after.  We  can  only  glance  rapid- 
ly at  their  issues. 

Vermont  soon  issued  many  coins.  The  most  common  were 
those  with  the  simple  legend  Vekmon.  Auctori.  (By  Authority 
of  Vermont)  on  the  obverse,  around  a  laureated  head  (Plate  CI., 
Figure  8),  and  on  the  reverse  a  seated  figure  with  the  words 
Inde.  et  Lib.  (Independence  and  Liberty).  This  form  of  legend 
was  adopted  by  Connecticut,  as  will  appear  hereafter  (Plate  CIIL, 
Figure  8). 

Other  Vermont  coins  had  for  a  device  the  sun  rising  over  the 
mountains,  and  the  legend  Vermontensium  Ees  publica,  with  a 
reverse  bearing  the  words  Quarta  Decima  Stella  (the  four- 
teenth star)  (Plate  CI.,  Figure  2).  This  coin  is  somewhat  varied 
in  other  specimens,  the  legend  being  Vermonts  instead  of  Ver- 
montensium, and  the  reverse  being  differently  executed.  The 
Mint  of  Vermont  seems  to  have  been  very  active,  and  great  quan- 
tities of  coin  were  issued  from  it.  Among  others  we  have  found 
coins  with  the  head  and  name  of  King  George,  and  the  reverse 
Inde.  et  Lib.  A  curious  combination  for  a  coin,  but  possibly 
resulting  from  the  counterfeiting  of  English  half-pennies  which 
then  passed  current  in  the  northern  part  of  the  country,  or  per- 
haps from  the  attempt  to  recoin  half-pennies  with  the  Vermont 
legends  and  devices.  In  one  coin  in  our  collection,  however,  the 
latter  supposition  is  clearly  impossible. 

Connecticut  was  industrious  in  coining  as  in  all  other  depart- 
ments of  art.  The  number  and  variety  of  Connecticut  cents  or 
coppers,  from  1785  to  1788,  is  absolutely  beyond  computation. 
Every  day  a  new  one  is  discovered.  The  variation  is  not  always 
important,  but  quite  sufficient  to  indicate  the  use  of  a  separate 
and  distinct  die  for  each  coin.  Thus  the  dots,  stars,  or  lines  of 
the  legends  are  different,  the  head  faces  to  the  right  or  to  the  left, 
or  some  equally  distinct  mark  is  found. 

The  uniform  legend  is  like  that  of  the  Vermont  coppers,  Auc- 

78 


Plate  XXXV. 


STATE  COINAGE. 

TOEi.  CoNNEC,  with  the  reverse,  Inde.  et  Lib.  (Plate  CIII., 
Figure  3).  Occasionally  an  error  was  made  in  the  lettering. 
Thus  we  find  an  Auctobi,  or  an  Auctopi,  or  an  AuciOKi,  or  a 
CoNNFC. ;  and  these  errors  make  coins  of  special  rarity  for  those 
collectors  who  prize  coins  for  their  oddity  rather  than  their  his- 
toric value.  It  is  probable  that  vast  numbers  of  counterfeits  were 
issued  by  private  parties,  and  to  these  many  of  the  varieties  are 
to  be  attributed. 

New  York  did  not  coin  so  largely  as  the  other  States.  In  fact 
the  State  never  authorized  a  coinage,  and  most,  if  not  all  of 
those  commonly  called  New  York  coins,  because  bearing  the 
name  or  arms  of  the  State,  were  struck  in  England.  All  the 
coins  of  New  York  are  of  a  higher  degree  of  rarity  than  those  of 
the  other  States.  The  most  common  at  present  found,  and  that 
one  of  which  it  is  probable  the  largest  number  was  issued,  was  of 
English  origin.  It  is  that  bearing  the  legend  Nova  Eborac 
around  a  head  on  the  obverse,  and  Yirt.  et  Lib.  around  a  seated 
figure  on  the  reverse ;  the  date  being  1787  (Plate  CY.,  Figure  6). 
Of  this  there  are  twQ  varieties,  the  seated  figure  in  one  facing  to 
the  right,  and  in  the  other  to  the  left.  There  is  also  a  difference 
in  the  head-dress  of  this  figure. 

The  arms  of  the  State  form  the  reverse  of  several  New 
York  coins.  The  original  type  was  probably  the  Eagle  cop- 
per :  obverse,  an  eagle,  E  Pluribus  Unum,  1787 ;  reverse,  the 
State  arms,  Excelsior.  Yery  few  specimens  of  this  coin  are 
known. 

The  rarest  of  the  New  York  coins,  and  one  of  the  rarest  coins 
of  the  American  copper  series,  is  the  George  Clinton  piece  of 
1787,  which  we  illustrate  (Plate  CY.,  Figure  1).  •  This  is  the  first 
time,  we  believe,  that  this  coin  has  been  illustrated  (except  in  Har- 
'per's  Magazine  for  MarcTi,  1860,  where  the  same  illustration  was 
used).  The  coin  in  our  own  collection,  and  one  owned  in  Boston, 
were,  until  quite  recently,  the  only  specimens  known;  but  a  third 

80 


STATE  COINAGE. 

specimen  has  come  into  our  possession  within  a  short  time.  We 
have  heard  of  no  others.  It  is  an  interesting  numismatic  memorial 
of  the  first  governor  of  the  State,  as  well  as  of  the  earlj  coinage 
of  the  country.  It  is  remarkable  that  each  of  our  specimens  is 
struck,  as  the  engraving  indicates,  over  an  Immunis  Columbia. 
The  remains  of  portions  of  the  former  coin  are  visible  on  each. 
There  is  another  New  York  coin,  sometimes  called  the  New  York 
Washington  piece,  from  the  supposed  resemblance  of  the  head  on 
the  obverse  to  that  of  the  great  patriot.  This  head  is  surrounded 
by  the  legend  NoN  vi  Yirtute  Yici  (Not  by  force,  by  bravery 
I  have  conquered).  The  reverse  of  this  coin  has  a  seated  figure 
of  Liberty,  and  the  legend  "  Neo  Eboracensis,  1786"  (Plate 
CY.,  Figure  6). 

A  gold  coin  is  known  as  the  New  York  dovhhon^  having  the 
legend  Nova  Eboraca,  Columbia,  Excelsior  around  a  land- 
scape, the  sun  rising  over  the  hiUs ;  on  the  reverse  an  eagle,  and 
the  legend  "  Unum  e  Pluribus,  1787."  This  coin  was  never 
circulated,  and  we  have  heard  of  but  two  specimens  in  existence. 

The  Immunis  Columbia  token  is  ranked  as  a  New  York  coin. 
On  the  obverse  is  a  seated  figure  holding  a  flag  and  the  scales  of 
Justice,  surrounded  by  the  legend  Immunis  Columbia,  and  the 
date  1787.  The  reverse  is  an  eagle,  with  the  legend  E  Pluribus 
Unum  (Plate  CIII.,  Figure  6). 

Another  New  York  coin  had  on  the  face  an  Indian  chief,  the 
legend  Liber  Natus  Libertatem  Defendo;  the  reverse  the 
arms  of  the  State,  on  on^  variety ;  and  on  another  the  crest  of 
those  arms  only,  an  eagle,  with  the  legend  Neo  Eboracus  Ex- 
celsior, 1787. 

A  coin,  known  as  the  Gonfederatio  copper,  made  its  appearance 
in  1785  and  1786.  Its  history  is  entirely  lost.  We  illustrate  a 
unique  specimen  from  the  collection  of  Benjamin  Haines,  Esq., 
of  Elizabeth,  New  Jersey  (Plate  CY.,  Figure  2).  Another  speci- 
men, dijBfering  from  this  in  the  reverse,  is  known,  but  this  copy  in 


Plate  XXXVU. 


STATE  COINAGE. 

the  possession  of  Mr.  Haines  is  the  only  one  extant  of  its  kind^ 
and  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  rarest  numismatic  treasures 
of  America.  The  reverse,  as  will  be  noticed,  is  dated  a  year  later 
than  the  obverse. 

New  Jersey  coined  in  great  profusion.  The  coins  of  this  State 
bear  the  uniform  appearance  indicated  in  the  illustration  (Plate 
cm.,  Figure  4).  The  varieties  differ  only  in  the  shape  of  the 
shield,  the  punctuation,  the  occasional  omission  of  a  letter  by 
mistake,  as  in  one  die  (which  is  E  Plueibs  Unum);  and  in  one 
instance  the  horse's  head  is  turned  to  the  left.  The  latter  coin  is 
very  rare. 

Massachusetts  struck  two  State  coins  in  1787,  and  reissued 
them  in  1788 — a  cent  and  a  half  cent — of  which  large  quantities 
were  sent  out.  The  half  cent  is  now  rare,  but  the  cents  of  both 
dates  are  common,  that  of  1788  being  a  little  more  rare  than 
1787  (Plate  CIII.,  Figure  2). 

There  is  a  coin  known  as  the  Kentucky  cent^  or  copper  (but  so 
called  without  reason),  which  is  a  favorite  with  collectors,  and 
which  we  illustrate  (Plate  CIII.,  Figure  5).  The  ground  for  the 
name  appears  to  be  that,  in  the  pyramid  of  States  on  the  obverse, 
Kentucky  happens  to  be  uppermost.  It  was  struck  in  England, 
is  a  fine  specimen  of  coinage,  and  may  be  prized  by  any  one  who 
possesses  it.  There  is  extant  a  token  of  P.  P.  P.  Myddelton,  with 
the  legend  British  Settlement,  Kentucky,  1776.  But  wheth- 
er it  was  ever  used  in  America,  or  is  only  an  English  token,  is 
very  doubtful.  A  splendid  specimen,  in  silver,  is  in  the  collec- 
tion of  John  F.  McCoy,  Esq.,  of  New  York. 

In  1794  a  French  company  proposed  a  settlement,  and  did  at- 
tempt it,  in  the  northern  part  of  New  York,  which  they  named 
Castorville.  It  was  located  where  Carthage,  in  Jefferson  County, 
now  stands,  and  is  said  to  have  contained  families  of  rank  and  re- 
spectability. A  coin  or  medal  is  extant  known  as  the  Castor-land 
piece.     This  was  probably  struck  in  France  for  the  use  of  this 

84 


WASHINGTON  COINS. 

colony,  and  though  it  never  passed  into  circulation,  it  is  interest- 
ing as  the  only  permanent  memorial  of  an  attempted  colonization 
of  this  State  which  failed  and  has  been  forgotten.  The  dies  of 
this  coin  are  still  extant  in  France,  and  fine  specimens  are  easily 
procured.  It  may  never  have  been  intended  as  a  coin,  but  only 
as  a  monument  of  the  colony,  and  as  such  it  remains,  a  very 
beautiful  specimen  of  art. 

WASHINGTON  COINS  AND  TOKENS. 

The  head  of  the  great  patriot  had,  of  course,  formed  the  sub- 
ject of  more  or  less  numismatic  art  in  England  and  America ; 
for  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  American  market  was  the 
constant  spur  to  English  labor,  and  that  the  necessities  of  this 
country,  in  the  matter  of  coin,  were  thoroughly  appreciated  by 
ingenious  artists  on  the  other  side. 

In  1783  the  Washington  and  Independence  tokens  made  their 
appearance.  These  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  Washington 
cents  of  later  issue  (1791  and  1792),  of  which  we  shall  presently 
speak.  It  does  not  appear  that  any  of  these  tokens  obtained  ex- 
tensive circulation,  nor  that  they  were  used  at  all  as  money. 
They  are  interesting,  however,  as  relics  of  the  times  in  which 
they  appeared,  and  as  indicating  the  respect  and  veneration  paid 
to  the  illustrious  Washington  by  his  contemporaries. 

Of  the  tokens  of  1783  there  are  four  varieties,  of  which  we 
illustrate  the  obverses  of  two  (Plate  CYII.,  Figures  8,  9).  The 
four  may  be  distinguished  easily  thus :  the  first  is  the  Washington 
and  Independence  token,  with  a  large  head  laureated,  and  the  re- 
verse a  seated  figure,  the  legend  being  the  words  United  States. 
The  second  has  a  similar  obverse,  but  the  reverse  resembles  the 
cent  of  later  years,  the  legend  being  One  Cent  in  a  wreath,  and 
around  the  wreath  Unity  States  op  America.  The  third  has 
a  small  head  on  the  obverse,  and  in  other  respects  resembles  the 
first.     The  fourth  has  the  small  head  on  both  sides,  the  legend  on 

86 


Plate  XXXTX 


WASHINGTON  COINS. 

one  side  Washington,  on  the  other  side  One  Cent.  The  cuts 
show  the  two  heads. 

A  very  beautiful  little  token  in  brass  also  appeared  at  or  near 
this  period,  of  which  we  give  an  illustration  (Plate  CYII.,  Fig- 
ure 8).  There  are  two  other  sizes  of  this  token  extant,  one 
smaller  than  the  other,  and  both  smaller  than  this.  The  legends 
and  devices  are  the  same  on  all. 

When  a  national  coinage  was  devised,  the  European  custom  of 
placing  the  head  of  a  king  on  the  coin  of  the  realm  of  course 
suggested  the  idea  of  placing  the  bust  of  Washington  on  the 
American  coins.  This  idea  led  to  the  production  of  the  Washing- 
ton cents  of  1791,  which  are  now  so  highly  prized  as  numismatic 
treasures.  These  (and  not  the  tokens  of  1783)  are  the  Washing- 
Ion  cents  which  command  such  high  prices,  and  which  are  the 
ornaments  of  collections  of  American  coins  (Plate  CYII.,  Figures 
■1,  5,  6).  Young  collectors  will  do  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  the 
tokens  of  1783  are  not  to  be  confounded  with  these.  It  is  not 
uncommon  for  an  inexperienced  collector  to  be  induced  to  pay  a 
large  price  for  one  of  the  tokens  under  the  impression  that  he  is 
purchasing  a  Washington  cent.  The  most  common  error  is  made 
with  the  double-head  token,  which  has  the  legend  One  Cent 
over  the  head,  or  with  the  Unity  States  token,  which  also  has 
the  legend  One  Cent  within  the  wreath  on  the  reverse. 

The  cent  of  1791  was  made  in  England.  This  is  evident  from 
the  character  of  the  dies  and  the  specimens  of  the  coins  extant. 
We  have  four  in  our  own  possession.  The  first  is  that  common- 
ly known  as  the  large  eagle.  The  second  is  closely  like  it  on  the 
obverse,  though  the  head  is  not  precisely  the  same,  and  the  date 
is  under  a  smaller  and  different  eagle  on  the  reverse.  These  are 
the  large  and  small  eagle  cents  of  1791.  There  are  other  varieties 
of  the  small  eagle. 

On  one  specimen  of  the  large  eagle  cent  in  our  cabinet  the  fol- 
lowing legend  appears  around  the  edge  of  the  coin:  "Bradley, 

88 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


Plate  XL. 


O 


i   VM 


> 


WASHINGTON  COINS. 

WiLLEY,  Snedshill,  Bersham"  (the  last  letter  is  doubtful).  The 
other  specimens  have  on  the  edge  "  United  States  of  America." 
We  have  heard  of  another  specimen  of  the  coin  with  this  same 
legend. 

A  copper  piece,  bearing  the  date  1792,  and  commonly  known 
as  a  Washington  cent,  is  found  in  some  collections  and  highly- 
prized.  It  differs  materially  from  the  cent  of  1791,  bears  another 
legend  and  a  different  head,  and  has  no  mark  indicating  that  it 
was  intended  for  a  cent.  This  coin  of  1792  has  been  claimed  for 
Philadelphia  as  the  work  of  Peter  Getz ;  the  evidence  which  we 
have  received  from  his  descendants,  although  purely  traditional, 
seems  to  justify  the  claim. 

This  coin  of  1792  was  originally  designed  as  a  pattern  for 
silver  money,  and  the  copies  existing  in  copper  are  to  be  regard- 
ed only  as  medals.  This  is  evident  from  various  considerations. 
The  coin  is  much  too  large  for  a  cent.  The  word  cent  is  nowhere 
visible  on  it,  as  it  is  on  the  true  Washington  cents.  The  work  is 
more  carefully  done,  and  a  copper  coin  of  this  size  could  not  have 
taken  a  position  in  circulation  in  America  or  Europe  in  the  year 
1792.  It  was  struck  in  silver,  and  the  few  specimens  in  that 
metal  now  existing  are  the  highly -prized  Washington  half  dollars, 
which  are  so  rare  (Plate  CVII.,  Figures  1,  2).  The  specimen  of 
this  splendid  coin  which  we  illustrate  was  struck  over  an  En- 
glish piece  of  silver:  the  engraving  shows  the  remains  of  some 
letters  of  the  old  coin.  This  was  a  common  course  pursued 
with  new  dies  for  coins,  especially  in  new  countries,  where  the 
machinery  for  rolling  silver  and  cutting  the  planchets  was  imper- 
fect, or  perhaps  as  yet  unknown.  This  coin  brought  a  handsome 
price  in  1859,  no  less  than  $57,  and  is  well  worth  a  much  larger 
sum  of  money.  Indeed  the  collector,  once  possessed  of  it,  will 
hardly  be  induced  by  money  offers  to  separate  it  from  his  collec 
tion.  There  is  another  coin  claiming  the  name  of  Washington  half 
dollar.    We  have  not  seen  a  specimen ;  but  from  an  engravingr 

90 


Plate  XLI 


WASHINGTON  COINS. 

we  find  that  it  resembles  the  genuine  half  dollar  on  the  obverse, 
while  the  reverse  bears  the  mark  of  the  engraver's  chisel  struck 
across  the  eagle.  This  would  indicate  that  the  die  was  disap- 
proved and  destroyed  by  the  engraver  himself,  and  that  the  coins 
struck  with  it  must  have  been  produced  for  the  amusement  of 
some  person  in  his  work-shop,  who  tried  his  hand  with  a  rejected 
die.  The  only  copper  coin  of  1792  which  can  with  propriety  be 
called  a  Washington  cent  is  a  rare  coin,  of  which  we  give  the  ob- 
verse (Plate  CYII.,  Figure  7).  The  reverse  is  not  very  unlike 
the  small  eagle  cent  reverse  of  1791,  with  the  word  Cent  over 
the  eagle. 

Altogether  there  are  some  eight  or  ten  distinct  varieties  of 
what  are  commonly  called  Washington  cents  of  1791  and  1792. 
In  neither  1791  nor  1792  did  these  coins  go  into  circulation. 
They  were  offered  as  patterns  for  the  national  coinage,  then  under 
discussion,  and  met  the  decided  disapprobation  of  Washington. 
They  were  of  course  prized  as  specimens,  and  their  value  has 
since  become  very  great. 

Other  coins  appeared  at  about  this  time,  or  a  few  years  later, 
bearing  the  name  of  Washington ;  and  although  in  order  of  date 
they  were  mostly  preceded  by  the  regular  American  copper  coin- 
age, it  is  as  well  that  we  mention  them  in  this  connection.  They 
were  of  English  origin,  and  struck,  apparently,  for  circulation 
there.  One  resembled  closely  the  Washington  cent  of  1791,  on 
the  obverse,  so  closely  that  we  have  no  doubt  the  same  artist  pro- 
duced it.  The  legend  around  the  bust  is  the  same ;  and  on  the 
reverse  is  a  ship,  with  the  legend  "  Half-penny,"  and  the  date 
1793.  The  edge  has  the  words,  "Payable  in  Anglesey,  London, 
or  Liverpool."  This  coin  would  seem  to  be  conclusive  in  estab- 
lishing the  foreign  origin  of  the  Washington  cent  of  1791.  The 
obverse  of  the  specimen  in  our  cabinet  is  identical  with  the  ob- 
verse of  the  small  eagle  cent  of  1791,  and  is  without  doubt  the 
same  die. 

92 


NATIONAL  COINAGE. 

Another  variety  of  the  same  coin  has  no  date  on  the  reverse, 
but  two  branches  of  leaves  under  the  ship. 

Another  English  token  was  issued  with  a  head  of  Washington, 
and  on  the  reverse  a  grate.  This  is  called  the  Washington  Orate 
cent  or  token,  and  was  issued  by  Clark  and  Harris,  a  firm  whose 
name  it  bears.  The  die  is  doubtless  still  preserved  in  England, 
as  fine  proof  specimens  are  furnished  to  order  in  any  quantity. 
It  is  a  coin  of  little  interest  or  value,  and  only  to  be  noted  as  a 
compliment  paid  to  the 'American  patriot  by  an  English  house  of 
tradesmen.  The  legend  around  the  bust  is  "  ^.  Washingtonj  the 
firm  friend  to  peace  and  humanity J^ 

In  later  years  the  head  of  Washington  has  formed  a  favorite 
subject  with  engravers  and  medalists,  and  the  number  of  coins, 
tokens,  tradesmen's  cards,  etc.,  which  bear  the  head  of  the  patriot 
on  them  is,  probably,  over  two  hundred  and  fifty.  For  a  fuller 
description  of  them  we  must  refer  the  reader  to  works  which  are 
devoted  to  details. 

NATIONAL  COINAGE. 

In  1786  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  established  a  Mint. 
Its  first  and  only  issue  for  many  years  was  the  Fugio  or  Franklin 
cent  (Plate  CIX.,  Figure  2),  so  called,  which  was  extensively  cir- 
culated. The  pewter  or  lead  coin  which  had  made  its  appearance 
in  1776,  of  which  we  have  spoken  (see  Plate  CIX.,  Figure  3), 
seems  to  have  been  the  model  of  the  Fugio  copper.  This  coin 
was  specially  ordered  by  resolution  of  Congress,  July  6,  1787. 
The  name  "Franklin  copper"  is  derived  from  the  pithy  sentence 
on  it,  which  sounds  very  much  like  the  philosopher.  He  did 
recommend  the  adoption  of  such  sentences  on  our  coinage,  but 
there  is  no  evidence  that  he  had  any  thing  to  do  with  the  Fugio 
coin.  Although  a  United  States  coin,  this  was  struck  by  private 
contract,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  issue  was  minted  in  Connecti- 
cut.   It  formed  the  chief  article  of  copper  currency  down  to  the 

94 


Plate  XLIII. 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  MINT. 

issue  of  the  cent  of  1793,  and  even  later.  Within  the  past  year  a 
keg  of  these  coppers  was  found  in  the  vault  of  a  New  York  city 
bank,  in  fresh  proof  condition.  This  statement  has  been  doubted ; 
but  we  are  indebted  to  the  cashier  for  fine  specimens  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  keg,  which  abundantly  prove  the  truth  of  the  story. 
A  recent  discovery  of  the  old  dies,  and  possibly  a  manufacture 
of  new  dies,  or  repairing  and  retouching  the  old,  has  made  these 
coins  very  common  in  various  metals. 

In  1791  Congress  again  resolved  that  a  Mint  be  established, 
and  authorized  the  President  (then  George  Washington)  to  carry 
out  the  design  of  the  resolution.  It  is  supposed  that  the  Wash- 
ington cents  of  1791  and  1792  were  patterns  issued  to  meet  the 
plans  of  the  President  under  this  resolution.  He  rejected  them. 
In  1792  a  small  quantity  of  silver  was  struck  in  dismes  and  half 
dismesj  as  they  were  called.  These  coins  had  on  one  side  a  head, 
and  the  legend  Liberty  Parent  of  Science  and  Industry, 
1792 ;  the  reverse,  a  flying  eagle,  and  the  legend  United  States 
OF  America  ;  on  one  the  word  Disme,  on  the  other  Half  Disme. 
Tradition  says  none  were  coined  but  a  few  for  Washington  himself, 
out  of  silver  sent  by  him  to  the  Mint.  They  are  now  very  rare.  A 
few  copper  patterns  for  a  cent,  with  a  similar  legend,  were  issued 
the  same  year.  One  of  these  was  sold,  in  January,  1860,  at  a  Phil- 
adelphia auction,  for  $66  50,  and  another  for  $50.  These  prices 
will  give  an  idea  of  the  present  rarity  of  the  coins.  Some  other 
patterns  were  struck  about  this  time ;  but  the  Mint  did  not  get 
fairly  into  operation  until  1793,  when  the  first  United  States  cop- 
per cent  appeared.  This  first  cent  was  of  the  pattern  shown  in 
Plate  CIX.,  Figures  5  and  7.  It  did  not  give  universal  satis- 
faction. Alexander  Hamilton  was  at  this  time  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  and  the  new  coin  met  with  such  criticisms  as  this  from 
the  ArgKs,  a  Boston  paper,  of  March  26,  1793 :  "  The  chain  on 
the  reverse  is  but  a  bad  omen  for  liberty,  and  Liberty  herself  ap- 
pears to  be  in  a  fright.  May  she  not  justly  cry  out,  in  the  words 
#  96 


Plate  XLIV. 


FIKST  AMERICAN  SILVER. 

of  the  Apostle,  '  Alexander  the  coppersmith  has  done  me  much 
harm ;  the  Lord  reward  him  according  to  his  works  ?' " 

No  other  coin  was  issued  by  the  Mint  this  year.  In  1794  a 
dollar^  a  half  dollar^  and  di^halfdime  were  struck  (Plate  CIX.,  Fig- 
ure 4).  These  were  the  first  silver  coins  of  the  American  series. 
The  first  quarter  dollar  and  the  first  dime  were  issued  in  1796. 
The  devices  on  these  coins  were  original,  and  certainly  more  beau- 
tiful than  have  since  been  adopted. 

The  form  of  the  coins,  or,  rather,  their  devices,  changed  from 
time  to  time.  The  dollar  reappeared  in  1795  in  similar  style  with 
that  of  1794;  but  before  the  close  of  the  year  a  new  head  was 
adopted,  which  continued  in  use  until  1804.  The  reverse  was 
changed,  and  a  different  eagle  adopted,  in  1798.  From  1804  to 
1839  no  dollars  were  coined  except  the  flying-eagle  patterns  of 
1836,  1838,  and  1839.  In  1839  the  obverse  pattern  of  the  dollar 
was  struck.  In  1840  it  appeared  with  new  devices,  which  have  re- 
mained in  use,  with  little  variation,  until  the  present  time.  The 
half  dollar  underwent  several  changes  at  different  periods.  In  1796 
the  fillet  head  was  adopted.  In  1801  the  eagle  wore  a  shield.  In 
1807  the  bust,  with  a  turbaned  head  facing  to  the  left,  appeared  on 
the  half  dollar^  and  the  eagle  was  again  without  the  shield.  The 
coin  then  continued  with  little  change  until  1 836,  when  a  smaller 
planchet,  with  a  milled  edge,  was  introduced.  In  1839  the  old 
bust  of  Liberty  disappeared  forever,  and  in  its  place  came  the 
nondescript  design  commonly  called  a  seated  figure  of  Liberty, 
which  has  since  been  the  unvarying  obverse,  with  the  slight  ex- 
ception of  mint  marks,  such  as  the  arrow-heads  of  1853. 

The  first  quarter  dollar  was  struck  in  1796.  The  changes  in 
the  quarter  occurred  in  1815,  1831,  1838,  and  1853. 

The  first  dime  was  struck  in  1796,  and  the  changes  occurred 
in  1798,  1809, 1837,  1838,  and  1853.  Two  varieties  appeared  in 
1837  and  1838.  One  of  the  varieties  of  1838  came  only  from  the 
New  Orleans  Mint — ^namely,  the  die  without  stars. 

98 


Plate  XLV. 


FmST  AMERICAN  CENTS. 

The  half  dimes  were  first  struck  in  1794,  changed  in  1796, 1797, 
1829,  1837,  1838  (in  these  last  two  years  resembling  the  dime\ 
and  1853. 

The  three-cent  pieces  were  first  coined  in  1851,  and  changed  in 
1853. 

We  are  alluding  now  only  to  marked  and  important  changes 
in  the  devices  on  the  coins.  Slight  variations  occurred  in  other 
years,  and  there  are  many  slightly  different  dies  of  the  same  years ; 
so  that  a  complete  collection  of  all  the  varieties  of  the  different 
years  will  require  at  least  ten  or  fifteen  specimens  of  each  coin  of 
each  year.  The  illustrations  on  Plates  CIX.,  CX.,  CXI.,  CXII., 
and  CXIII.  show  the  variations  in  the  gold  and  silver  coins. 

The  attention  of  collectors  has  been  more  devoted  to  the  cents 
and  half  cents  than  to  any  other  coins. 

The  cent  of  1793  appeared  in  many  varieties. 

1.  The  linh  cent  (Plate  CIX.,  Figures  5  and  7)  before  mentioned. 
On  one  variety  of  this  link  cent  the  legend  is  United  States  of 
Ameri.  Some  have  plain  edges,  others  have  stars  and  stripes  on 
the  edge. 

2.  The  wreath  cent.  The  obverse  of  this  cent  is  shown  in  Plate 
CIX.,  Figure  6.  The  reverse  has  a  wreath  instead  of  the  links 
around  the  words  One  Cent.  There  are  nearly  or  quite  twenty 
varieties  of  this  die,  the  chief  marks  of  difference  being  in  the 
shape  and  arrangement  of  the  leaves  under  the  head. 

3.  The  Liberty-cap  cent.  This  variety  has  a  head  of  Liberty 
with  a  pole  across  the  shoulder  bearing  a  Liberty-cap,  which 
hangs  back  of  the  head.  The  reverse  is  like  the  wreath  cent^  and 
on  the  edge  One  Hundred  for  a  Dollar. 

In  1794  the  cent  was  issued  with  the  Liberty-cap  head. 

In  1795  there  was  a  thick  die,  with  the  words  One  Hundred 
for  a  Dollar  around  the  edge,  and  a  thin  die  without  them. 
There  was  a  reduction  in  the  weight  of  the  coin,  which  originated 
the  latter  variety. 

100  / 


AMERICAN  COPPER. 

In  1796  the  Liberty-cap  head  was  used  during  the  early  part 
of  the  year,  and  changed  for  the  fillet  head  (so  called)  in  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  year.  This  fillet  head  is  illustrated  on  the  silver 
coins. 

In  1 808  the  fillet  head  was  used  on  a  few  coins,  and  then  the 
turbaned  head,  facing  to  the  left,  was  introduced  (as  on  the  silver 
coins  of  that  and  later  times). 

In  1815  no  cew^was  struck,  but  in  1816  the  coin  appeared  with 
the  head  facing  to  the  right,  which  has  been  the  familiar  die  on 
the  copper  cent  ever  since. 

The  nickel  cent  was  introduced  in  1856.  The  varieties  of  this 
nichel  cent  during  the  few  years  of  its  issue  we  pass  over. 

Many  inexperienced  collectors  waste  a  vast  amount  of  time 
in  examining  smooth  and  worn  coppers.  The  rule  in  regard  to 
American  cents  should  be  to  throw  away  a  specimen  of  which  the 
date  is  not  perfect.  Indeed  a  collector  should  never  value  worn 
coins,  and  a  good  collection  should  contain  only  good  specimens. 
Of  some  coins  poor  specimens  alone  can  be  had.  Of  others,  poor 
specimens  may  be  kept  until  better  can  be  substituted. 

In  examining  worn  specimens  to  find  rare  dates,  the  collector 
will  save  himself  much  trouble  by  remembering  the  general  di- 
visions. All  Liberty -cap  cents  are  prior  to  1797.  All  Fillet-head 
cents  are  from  1796  to  1808.  All  cents  with  heads  facing  the  left^ 
are  from  1808  to  1814.  All  copper  cents  from  1814  to  1857  have 
the  large  head  facing  the  right. 

102 


Plate  XLVH. 


VII. 

Besides  the  regular  series  of  coins  which  have  formed  the  sub- 
ject of  the  preceding  pages,  there  is  a  large  class  of  pieces,  be- 
longing strictly  to  a  numismatic  collection,  which  are  not  ranked 
as  either  medals  or  coins,  but  which  might  be  correctly  gathered 
under  the  general  name  of  medalets.  These  are  political  cards  or 
tokens,  tradesmen's  cards,  and  innumerable  small  pieces  of  metal 
bearing  impressions  received  from  dies,  all  which  are  more  or  less 
prized  by  collectors.  All  countries  have  them.  The  English 
tokens  of  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century  are  very  numerous. 
It  need  hardly  be  remarked  that  the  collection  of  tradesmen's 
cards  is  the  lowest  department  of  numismatics,  and  although  it 
becomes  an  interesting,  and  is  in  many  respects  a  worthy  part  of 
the  collector's  employment,  yet  the  extent  to  which  it  has  been 
carried  on  in  America  of  late  is  at  once  absurd  and  ridiculous. 
Prices  have  been  paid  for  the  cards  of  tradesmen  equaling  the 
prices  of  rare  colonial  coins ;  and  bits  of  brass,  copper,  and  white 
metal,  possessing  no  interest  or  value  whatever,  historical  or  oth- 
erwise (unless  as  recording  that  some  individual  kept  a  bilHard 
saloon  or  a  bath-house  at  a  particular  place),  have  been  the  sub- 
jects of  rival  bidding  at  auctions  to  a  fabulous  rate  of  prices. 

While  copper  coin  was  very  scarce  in  this  country,  in  1787, 
Mott  &  Co.,  jewelers  in  the  city  of  New  York,  imported  a  lot  of 
copper  tokens,  having  their  names  and  place  of  business  with  a 
clock  on  the  opposite  faces.  This,  as  being  the  first  American 
tradesman's  card,  has  a  certain  historical  value.    In  1794,  Talbot 

104 


MEDALETS  AND  TOKENS. 

Allum  &  Lea  issued  their  token,  wHch  is  illustrated  in  Plate 
CV.,  Figure  7,  and  in  1795  they  issued  another  variety.  The 
latter  is  now  very  rare,  Tyhile  the  1794  is  comparatively  common. 
Our  venerable  friend.  Dr.  John  W.  Francis,  one  of  the  historians 
of  New  York  in  person  and  in  his  published  works,  has  told  us 
that  he  well  remembers  going  to  the  store  of  Talbot  Allum  & 
Lea  with  silver  to  buy  these  coppers,  for  convenience  in  making 
change.  The  United  States  cent  of  1793  and  1794  had  not  yet 
supplied  the  wants  of  the  country. 

After  this  time  no  tokens  appear  to  have  been  issued  by  trades- 
men until  nearly  or  quite  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the  Erie 
Canal,  when  two  or  three  New  York  houses  had  them  struck, 
with  reverses  alluding  to  the  completion  of  that  great  work. 
From  this  period  the  issue  of  such  cards  became  more  frequent, 
until  now  the  catalogues  show  more  than  five  hundred  extant, 
and  large  numbers  have  appeared  which  are  not  catalogued  and 
are  unknown  to  collectors.  The  die-cutters  of  New  York  and 
Waterbury,  in  Connecticut,  are  now  constantly  occupied  in  cutting 
these  cards  for  tradesmen  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  Hundreds 
of  thousands  of  specimens  are  struck  in  every  successive  year  by 
the  Scovill  Manufacturing  Company  and  the  Waterbury  Button 
Company.  They  appear  in  copper,  brass,  and  white  metal,  and 
are  largely  circulated  by  their  respective  proprietors.  But  they 
disappear  almost  as  rapidly  as  they  appear,  especially  since  the 
issue  of  the  nickel  cent,  which  keeps  them  out  of  general  cir- 
culation. 

But  there  are  other  tokens  which  possess  a  historical  value,  and 
form,  therefore,  an  interesting  part  of  a  cabinet.  We  allude  to 
political  cards  and  medalets.  In  the  various  National  and  State 
elections  it  has  been  customary  to  issue  such  medalets,  bearing 
either  the  head  of  a  candidate  with  appropriate  legends,  or  some 
device  indicating  the  party  who  issue  it.  These  issues  belong 
strictly  to  the  class  of  medals.    They  are  metallic  and  lasting 

106 


Plate  XLIX. 


COUNTERFEIT  COINS. 

records  of  national  events.  The  number  of  these  is  much  greater 
than  even  the  ordinary  collector  imagines,  nor  has  there  appeared 
as  yet  any  catalogue  of  them  which  can  be  considered  as  approxi- 
mating toward  completeness.  They  were  not  common  until  in 
the  days  of  Jackson,  when  many  appeared.  Still  larger  numbers 
are  extant  of  Van  Buren,  and  every  President  and  candidate  for 
the  Presidency  since  that  time  has  secured  a  fame  that  is  at  least 
"as  lasting  as  brass"  in  these  medalets.  In  New  York  Gulian  C. 
Verplanck  and  William  H.  Seward,  when  candidates  for  the  office 
of  Governor,  were  thus  immortalized. 

In  1837  and  about  that  time  a  large  number  of  copper  coins 
were  issued  from  private  sources,  some  praising  and  others  abus- 
ing and  satirizing  the  administration.  The  most  of  these  are 
familiar  to  all  persons.  Some  of  them  are,  however,  of  great 
rarity.  Thus  the  common  die,  "  Millions  for  Defence,  not  one 
Cent  for  Tribute,"  of  which  there  are  numerous  varieties,  is,  in 
three  or  four  kinds,  of  great  rarity,  while  all  the  other  varieties 
are  very  common. 

As  the  nickel  coinage  is  rapidly  displacing  the  old  copper  cent, 
these  tokens  are  fast  disappearing,  and  they  will  in  time  be  among 
the  rare  specimens  of  coins.  They  are  now  known  in  New  En- 
gland as  "  Bungtown  Coppers ;"  in  New  York  generally  as  "  Shin- 
plasters;"  in  New  Jersey  as  "Horse-heads."  The  New  Jersey 
name  is  probably  derived  from  the  colonial  coin  of  that  State. 


VIII. 

Counterfeit  €oin0. 


The  history  of  coinage  involves  some  history  of  counterfeits  as 
well.  From  the  earliest  dates  of  coins  men  have  been  found  to 
imitate  them  in  inferior  metals  for  purposes  of  gain.    Nor  is  it  at 

108 


ANCIENT  COUNTERFEITS. 

all  uncommon  now  to  find  ancient  coins  which  were  manifestly 
the  work  of  forgers.  Even  the  earliest  coins,  those  of  JEgina  in 
particular,  are  found  of  this  description.  Herodotus  states  in  the 
Thalia  LYI.,  that  he  considers  the  report  a  very  absurd  one,  but 
he  nevertheless  gives  it,  that  Polycrates  purchased  the  departure 
of  the  Lacedemonians  from  Samos  by  striking  off  "  a  large  num- 
ber of  pieces  of  lead  cased  with  gold  like  the  coin  of  the  country," 
and  paying  these  to  the  unwary  soldiers.  The  reader  of  Herodo- 
tus will  couple  this  remark  with  the  amusing  and  characteristic 
statement  of  the  preceding  section,  that  he  (Herodotus)  had  talked 
in  person  with  a  son  of  Samius,  who  was  the  son  of  Archias,  who 
was  present  at  the  siege  of  Samos.  It  is  very  manifest  that  in  the 
day  of  the  old  historian  bogus  coin  was  a  matter  of  common  talk, 
and  that  it  was  well  understood  that  it  could  be  made  so  as  to  de- 
ceive even  an  army  of  hungry  Lacedemonians.  There  are  extant 
specimens  of  forged  gold  coins  of  Lydia,  which  Humphrey  sug- 
gests may  be  specimens  of  the  very  coins  made  by  Polycrates, 
Herodotus  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.  We  have  certainly 
no  occasion  to  doubt  the  perfect  readiness  of  Polycrates  to  adopt 
such  a  course.  His  general  style  of  life  and  conduct,  and  his  as- 
sociates in  Greece,  were  of  a  similar  class  to  those  we  now  expect 
from  counterfeiters  and  forgers.  From  that  day  to  this  the  manu- 
facture of  bogus  coins  has  been  the  employment  of  the  dishonest 
in  all  ages. 

It  may  seem  incredible  that  a  bogus  coin  should  be  manu- 
factured which  is  of  higher  intrinsic  value  than  the  genuine,  and 
yet  this  singular  instance  did  occur  in  Hayti  within  the  last  half 
century.  The  Government  coined  base  money;  and  while  it 
regulated  the  importation  of  silver,  so  that  the  value  of  the  coin 
should  not  be  affected,  it  gave  by  decree  a  high  value  to  the  base 
issue.  The  result  was  that  purer  silver  coin  of  the  same  weight 
or  size  with  the  genuine,  and,  of  course,  of  greater  value,  were 
made  in  New  York,  smuggled  into  Hayti,  and  there  passed  at 

110 


Plate  U. 


AMERICAN  COUNTERFEITS. 

the  rate  of  the  genuine  coin.  Of  course  the  bogus  coin  was  worth 
more  than  the  genuine  coin  of  the  realm. 

A  species  of  forgery  which  more  concerns  the  coin  collect- 
or is  the  manufacture  of  ancient  or  rare  coins  in  modern  times. 
Many  collectors,  and  even  writers  on  numismatics,  have  been  mis- 
led by  forged  coins,  which  were  not  even  imitations  of  genuine. 
In  Padua,  about  1640,  two  engravers,  Jean  Cavino  and  Alexander 
Bassiano,  were  manufacturers  of  copies  of  coins  and  medals.  They 
pursued  this  honest  line  of  business  until  they  became  so  skillful 
that  their  copies  could  not  be  detected  from  originals,  and  then 
they  began  to  sell  them  as  genuine  coins  and  medals.  Hence 
came  the  name  Paduan,  applied  by  collectors  to  any  ancient  coin 
of  modern  make.  Dervien,  a  Frenchman  at  Florence,  Carteron 
in  Holland,  and  Congornier  in  France,  were  afterward  celebrated 
in  the  same  line.  The  latter  is  stated  to  have  confined  his  work 
exclusively  to  coins  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants.  The  list  of  coiners 
might  be  largely  multiplied.  Sestini  published,  in  1826,  a  cata- 
logue of  the  forged  coins  of  Becker,  who  died  at  Hamburg  so  late 
as  1830.  The  number  was  immense  of  coins  which  he  made  from 
imagination  purely,  without  any  historical  authority.  The  result 
of  this  is  that  there  are  now  thousands  of  these  coins  in  collections, 
and  offered  for  sale  by  collectors  throughout  the  world.  The 
cheat  has  been  carried  so  far  that,  in  some  of  the  cities  of  the 
Bast,  it  is  not  uncommon  for  men  to  have  supplies  of  these  manu- 
factured coins  buried,  and  "  excavate"  them  before  the  eyes  of 
travelers,  to  whom  they  at  once  sell  them  at  enormous  prices. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  any  directions  by  which  forgeries  of 
ancient  coins  can  be  detected.    Experience  is  the  only  guide. 

But  a  much  more  dangerous  system  of  forgery  is  practiced  in 
America.  This  consists  in  the  manufacture  of  rare  American 
pieces,  for  which  very  high  prices  are  obtained.  The  art  of 
electrotyping  has  done  much  to  aid  counterfeiters,  but  in  general 
electrotypes  can  be  detected  by  the  ring,  or  the  absence  of  a  clear 

112 


Plate  Lll. 


NEW  YORK  COUNTERFEITS.  ' 

ring,  in  tlie  coin.  A  manufactory  exists  now,  however,  in  which 
exact  copies  of  rare  coins  are  produced,  with  quite  a  clear  ring. 
Nevertheless,  if  the  purchaser  will  examine  the  edges  of  the  coin 
carefully,  he  will  be  apt  to  detect  a  line  or  mark  extending  around 
it.  If  he  balances  one  of  the  coins  on  the  end  of  his  finger,  and 
a  good  copper  on  the  next  finger,  he  will  find  that  the  ring  of  the 
coins  is  very  different.  These  coins  are  filled  with  silver  solder, 
or  with  silver.  The  Elephant  pieces,  the  Granby,  the  rarer  New 
York  pieces  (except  the  Clinton),  the  U.  S.  A.  Bar  cent,  and  in- 
deed nearly  all  the  rarer  American  copper  pieces,  are  thus  repro- 
duced, and  the  specimens  are  for  sale  freely  in  the  market.  We 
speak  with  confidence  on  this  subject,  as  we  are  not  only  familiar 
with  these  coins  from  examination,  but  could  without  great  diffi- 
culty point  out  the  manufactory  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

All  the  specimens  that  we  have  seen  present  a  slightly  rough 
appearance  on  the  surface,  as  if  they  had  been  dipped  in  acid,  or 
as  if  they  were  castings.  Many  collectors  have,  on  examining 
their  coins,  found  these  counterfeits  among  them,  and  all  should 
be  on  their  guard  against  them. 

114 


Plate  LIU. 


IX. 

Coinage  of  ffiontinental  ^tiropc. 

Amekicaj^"  collectors  have  very  little  opportunity  of  making 
large  additions  to  their  cabinets  from  the  coins  of  continental 
Europe.  But  it  is  not  uncommon  to  find  a  stray  coin,  of  great 
interest  and  value,  brought  to  this  country  by  an  immigrant  or 
in  some  other  way  thrown  into  the  market  of  old  silver.  No  col- 
lections on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  offer  any  opportunity  for  the 
study  of  these  coins,  and  we  have  preferred,  for  the  purposes  of 
this  volume,  to  condense  a  sketch  of  some  of  them  from  the  ex- 
cellent manual  of  Mr.  H.  Noel  Humphreys,  published  by  Bohn. 
We  do  this  without  hesitation,  for  the  reason  that  the  present 
volume  can  not  be  regarded  by  any  one  as  a  substitute  for  Mr. 
Humphreys's  admirable  works,  to  which  we  shall  elsewhere  refer 
the  reader.  The  following  remarks  on  the  coins  of  European 
states  are  abbreviated  from  the  Coin  Collector's  Manual. 

COINS  OF  MODERN  ITALY. 

After  the  Roman  Empire  had  fallen  the  art  of  coinage  seems 
lost  in  Italy.  After  the  extinction  of  the  race  of  Gothic  kings, 
the  coins  of  the  exarchs  of  Ravenna  appear  as  viceroys  of  the 
emperors  of  the  Bast.  These  coins  are  only  small  copper,  and 
generally  bear  the  inscription  felix  ravenna. 

The  gold  and  silver  of  the  Eastern  Empire  were  found  to  form 
a  sufficient  circulation  in  those  metals  for  Italy. 

The  Lombards,  who  subdued  the  north  of  Italy  a.d.  572,  and 
occupied  it  for  two  centuries,  have  left  no  coinage  to  record  their 

116 


COINS  OF  MODERN  ITALY. 

rule ;  and  we  find  no  Italian  coin  belonging  properly  to  the  mod- 
ern series  till  the  issues  of  Charlemagne,  at  Milan,  about  780. 
He  also  struck  coins  at  Kome.  His  Milanese  coins  have  a  cross, 
and  on  the  reverse  the  monogram  of  Carolus,  with  mediol. 
These  types  of  Milanese  coins  are  found  of  successive  German 
emperors  till  th^  thirteenth  century. 

About  the  period  of  Charlemagne  the  modern  Italian  coinage 
of  silver  pennies  commences,  founded,  like  that  of  France,  Spain, 
and  England,  on  the  old  Koman  denarius. 

Soon  after  the  time  of  Charlemagne,  the  counts  or  local  gov- 
ernors of  towns  and  provinces  became  more  or  less  independent, 
and  their  offices  very  generally  hereditary.  These  petty  govern- 
ors all  issued  coin,  and  a  detailed  account,  therefore,  or  even  an 
outline  of  the  progress  of  all  the  various  coinages  of  modern 
Europe,  would  occupy  many  ponderous  volumes ;  a  few  examples 
only  can,  therefore,  be  glanced  at. 

The  modern  independent  coinage  of  the  cky  of  Eome,  under 
the  Popes,  began,  like  most  others,  with  a  series  of  silver  pennies, 
the  first  being  those  of  Pope  Hadrian,  from  A.D.  771  to  795,  who 
received  the  privilege  from  Charlemagne.  This  modern  Eoman 
series  has  generally  the  name  of  the  Pope  on  one  side,  and 
scvs  •  PETRVS  on  the  other.  Some  few  have  rude  portraits, 
such  as  those  of  Benedict  II.,  Sergius  III.,  John  X.,  Agapetus 
II.,  etc. 

For  above  a  century,  from  975  to  1099,  there  are  no  coins  ex- 
cept those  of  Leo  IX.  From  Paschal  II.  to  Benedict  XL,  1303, 
the  Popes  having  no  power  in  Eome,  the  pennies  are  of  the  Eo- 
man people,  bearing  on  one  side  a  rude  figure  of  St.  Peter,  with 
ROMAN  •  PRINCIPE,  and  on  the  other  sen  at  •  popvl  •  q  •  r  *,  accompa- 
nied by  the  name  in  succession  of  the  chief  senator,  who  was  then 
governor  of  the  city  of  Eome  (Plate  XIX.,  Figure  6).  Some  have 
also  the  arms  of  this  personage,  as  on  the  coins  of  Brancaleo, 
1253,  which  have  a  lion  on  one  side,  with  bracaleo  s  •  p  •  q  •  r  • ; 

118 


Plate  LV. 


COINS  OF  MODERN  ITALY. 

and  on  the  other  side  a  female  figure,  with  a  crown,  a  globe,  and 
a  palm-branch,  and  the  legend  roma  •  capvt  •  mvndi  *,  etc.  (Plate 
XIX.,  Figure  8).  Charles  of  Anjou,  when  elected  senator  of 
Kome,  issued  coins  with  the  inscription  carolvs  rex  .  senator 

VRBIS. 

A  few  of  the  Popes  issued  patrimonial  coins,  with  patrimo- 
NIVM ;  but  in  general  the  coinage  of  the  Popes,  up  to  a  very  re- 
cent period,  may  be  considered  as  that  of  a  series  of  bishops,  like 
that  of  the  Bishops  of  Metz,  Li^ge,  etc. ;  or  even  those  of  the 
Archbishops  of  York  and  Canterbury,  in  Saxon  times. 

Of  Clement  V.  there  are  groats,  with  his  portrait,  three  quar- 
ters length,  as  of  nearly  all  his  successors,  till  Sextus  IV.,  in  1470 — 
with  whose  coinage  the  profile  portraits  begin,  as  they  do  in  En- 
gland with  his  contemporary,  Henry  YII.  The  first  gold  coinage 
of  modern  Eome  is  of  the  reign  of  John  XXII.,  1816.  After  this 
period  the  coinage  of  the  Eternal  City  begins  to  improve  rapidly 
in  excellence  of  execution,  the  money  of  the  infamous  Alexander 
YI.,  the  luxurious  Julius  II.,  and  the  politic  Leo  X.,  being  as  re- 
markable for  fine  execution  as  any  of  the  period.  The  larger 
silver,  the  scudi,  etc. — equivalent  to  our  crowns — and  the  German 
thalers,  first  appear  in  those  reigns. 

In  Milan,  the  first  remarkable  coins,  after  the  series  of  the  Ger- 
man emperors,  are  those  of  the  Yisconti,  the  independent  dukes 
of  Milan.  The  first  are  those  of  Azo,  1830.  Ludovico  il  Mauro 
has  on  his  coinage  the  legend  lvdovicvs  •  m  •  sf  •  anglvs  •  dvx  • 
MLi  • ;  the  meaning  of  anglvs  has  not  as  yet  been  satisfactorily 
explained. 

The  coinage  of  Florence  is  celebrated  as  being  the  first  to  in- 
troduce the  general  use  of  gold,  which  commenced  as  early  as 
1252,  a  century  earlier  than  the  famous  issue  of  gold  nobles  in 
England.  These  gold  pieces,  which  bore  on  one  side  the  Floren- 
tine lily  for  principal  type,  and  on  the  other  a  figure  of  St  .John 
the  Baptist,  the  patron  saint  of  the  city,  were  imitated  first  by 

120 


COINS  OF  VENICE. 

the  Frencli  and  the  Popes,  then  by  the  Germans  and  English, 
and  were  the  first  gold  coins  issued  in  Europe  after  the  eighth 
century. 

The  first  copies  of  the  Florentine  gold  not  only  bore  the  name 
of  Florins,  from  that  of  the  city  where  they  were  first  issued,  but 
also  their  types;  nothing  but  the  legend  or  inscription  being 
changed.  At  a  later  period,  however,  though  the  name  florin 
was  still  preserved,  the  national  types  of  the  countries  in  which 
they  were  issued  gradually  superseded  those  of  Florence.  These 
Florentine  gold  coins  bore  around  the  standing  figure  of  St.  John 
the  legend  s  *  Johannes  *  b  •,  and  round  the  large  and  elegantly 
designed  fleur-de-lis  the  legend  flokentia. 

It  is  thought  the  national  arms  of  France  originated  in  the 
copying  of  these  Italian  coins,  as  those  flowers  do  not  appear  as 
a  national  badge  till  the  reign  of  Philip  le  Hardi,  about  1270. 
These  celebrated  coins  weigh  one  drachm,  and  are  no  less  than 
twenty -four  carats  fine,  being  intrinsically  worth  about  twelve 
shillings  English. 

The  modern  coinage  of  Venice  begins  with  silver  of  the  tenth 
century,  marked  Yenici ;  and  one  of  the  earliest  with  a  name  is 
that  of  Enrico  Dandolo,  doge  in  1280.  Silver  groats  of  Yenice 
appear  as  early  as  1192,  and  copper  about  1471 ;  while  the  gold 
followed  close  upon  that  of  Florence,  and  appeared  in  1280. 
Humphreys,  in  speaking  of  the  ancient  coinage  of  Cyzicus,  men- 
tions that  the  gold  of  that  ancient  Greek  state  was  the  forerunner 
of  that  of  Yenice,  from  which  the  modern  name  Zecchino,  Anglich 
Sequin,  was  derived ;  and  it  is  probable  that  the  coined  gold  of 
Cyzicus  was  in  circulation  till  late  in  the  Eastern  Empire;  and 
especially  at  Yenice,  at  the  time  of  the  issue  by  Florence  of  her 
new  gold  coinage,  upon  which  Yenice,  in  emulation,  also  issued  a 
national  gold  coinage,  but  founded  upon  the  value  and  preserving 
the  name  of  the  ancient  Cyzicenes. 

Among  the  earliest  modern  coins  of  Genoa  are  those  of  the 

122 


Plate  LYIL 


COINS  OF  SPAIN. 

Emperor  Conrad,  1129,  dvx  ianvae.  ;  and  those  of  the  dukes  of 
Savoy  begin  in  the  same  century. 

The  Patriarchs  of  Aquileia  issued  coins  from  1204  to  1440,  and 
Ferrara  has  coins  of  its  Marchesi  from  1380 ;  while  several  free 
towns  issued  their  own  money  with  peculiar  types,  those  of  Man- 
tua being  honored  by  the  effigy  of  Virgil,  the  modern  Mantuans 
not  forgetting  that  their  city  was  the  birth-place  of  the  great  bard 
of  the  Augustan  Age. 

The  Neapolitan  series  begins  as  early  as  Duke  Sergius,  a.d. 
880,  with  which  are  classed  the  coins  of  the  powerful  Dukes  of 
Benevento,  forming  a  fine  early  series ;  and  those  of  Roger  I.,  of 
Sicily,  Roger  II.,  William  I.  and  II.,  and  Tancred,  belong  to  the 
Neapolitan  series  in  collections ;  as  also  those  of  Sicily  under  the 
Normans.  In  1194,  Naples  and  Sicily  were  subdued  by  the  Grer- 
man  emperors,  whose  Neapolitan  coins  are  extant.  Those  of 
Manfred  next  appear,  in  1225 ;  and  those  of  Charles  of  Provence, 
in  1266 ;  then  those  of  the  celebrated  Queen  Jeanne,  followed  by 
those  of  the  house  of  Aragon,  and  the  later  series,  which  begin 
to  improve  like  other  modern  series  toward  the  close  of  the  fif- 
teenth century;  and  after  that  period  assume  a  strong  family 
likeness  to  those  of  the  rest  of  modern  Europe. 

COINS  OF  MODERN  SPAIN. 

Spain  formed,  till  the  irruption  of  the  Moors,  in  714,  one  com- 
pact and  powerful  kingdom,  to  the  princes  of  which  the  privilege 
of  coining  gold  had  been  very  early  conceded  by  the  emperors  of 
the  East.  The  consequence  of  this  independence  of  Spain  was 
the  issue  of  a  gold  coinage  of  great  interest,  consisting  of  trientes^ 
or  thirds  of  the  Byzantine  solidus,  which,  under  the  name  of  Be- 
zants, long  circulated  in  the  west  and  north  of  Europe.  These 
irientes  of  the  Gotho-Iberian  princes  occur,  of  Leirva,  567;  Liuvi- 
gild,  573 ;  Weteric,  603 ;  Gundemar,  610 ;  Seseburt,  612 ;  Svin- 
thila,  621;  Sisemond,  631;  Chintila,  636;  Tulga,  640;  Chindas- 

124 


COINS  OF  SPAIN. 

vint,  642 ;  Kecesvint,  653 ;  Womba,  672 ;  Ervigo,  680 ;  Egica  or 
Egiza,  687 ;  Witiza,  700 ;  and  Kudric  or  Eoderic,  the  last  of  the 
Goths,  the  kero  of  Southey's  celebrated  poem,  in  711. 

After  Amalric,  who  was  the  first  acknowledged  King  of  Spain 
by  the  emperors  of  the  East,  the  kingdom  became  elective ;  the 
power  of  election  residing  chiefly  in  the  bishops.  The  coins 
above  alluded  to,  however,  bear  the  portraits  of  the  kings  as  of 
hereditary  sovereigns,  accompanied  by  their  names,  the  reverse 
having  a  cross  with  the  name  of  the  place  of  mintage,  generally 
in  the  province  of  Bsetica,  where  Eoman  colonies  had  been  most 
abundant. 

On  the  subjection  of  the  country  by  the  'Arabs,  an  Oriental 
coinage  was  issued,  which,  as  the  Mohammedan  creed  forbade  the 
imitation  of  the  human  figure,  present  only  Arabic  inscriptions, 
generally  sentences  from  the  Koran. 

The  generic  term  of  the  Arabs  for  a  coin  is  markush,  from  which 
the  term  marcitSj  common  in  monetary  statements  of  the  period, 
is  derived ;  payment  of  so  many  gold  marcuses  being  often  stip- 
ulated, which  no  doubt  referred  to  these  coins  of  the  Spanish 
Arabs,  which  not  only  circulated  among,  but  were  imitated  in 
facsimile  by,  other  nations  who  did  not  understand  the  Arabic 
characters.  One  of  these  imitations  of  the  Arabian  marhush  is 
known,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  issued  by  the  Saxon 
Offa,  King  of  Kent.     (See  page  54.) 

The  Grothic  inhabitants  of  Spain,  driven  into  the  fastnesses  of 
the  Asturian  mountains,  step  by  step  recovered  their  territories 
from  their  Oriental  invaders ;  and  in  the  tenth  century,  when  the 
kingdoms  of  Aragon  and  Navarre  were  thus  founded,  coins  were 
issued  by  the  sovereigns  of  those  states,  closely  resembling  the 
silver  pennies  of  the  rest  of  Europe  at  that  period.  The  kingdom 
of  Castille  was  next  founded,  and  the  Moors  were  finally  expelled 
from  their  last  strong-hold,  Granada,  and  the  whole  Iberian  pen- 
insula (1492)  in  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  who,  as 

126 


Plate  LIX. 


COINS  OF  GERMANY. 

heirs  of  the  kingdoms  of  Castille  and  Aragon,  which  had  pre- 
viously absorbed  all  the  lesser  states,  became  sovereigns  of  the 
whole  of  Spain. 

Since  the  re-establishment  of  the  Christian  states,  the  Spanish 
coinage  had  taken  the  course  of  that  of  the  rest  of  Europe,  grad- 
ually increasing  in  excellence  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  the 
fifteenth  century. 

After  this  period  the  discovery  of  America,  and  the  vast  influx 
of  gold  and  silver  from  the  mines  of  Mexico  and  Peru,  caused  the 
coinage  of  Spain  to  become,  for  a  time,  the  most  abundant  of 
Europe,  dollars  and  half  dollars  of  silver  being  coined  in  amazing 
numbers,  which  were  for  a  time  the  only  European  coin  accepted 
in  India,  China,  and  other  Oriental  nations  where  European  com- 
merce was  now  fast  spreading. 

The  coinage  of  Portugal,  founded  as  a  separate  kingdom  in 
1126,  followed  a  very  similar  course  to  that  of  Spain. 

COINAGES  OF  MODERN  GERMANY. 

Germany,  after  the  time  of  Charlemagne,  exhibits  an  immense 
number  of  small  independent  states,  each  coining  money  on  its 
own  account,  a  description  of  all  of  which  would  be  an  endless 
task,  even  if  the  space  for  so  doing  was  unlimited.  About  the 
year  920  the  Emperor,  Henry  the  Falconer,  conferred  independ- 
ent privileges  on  many  German  cities;  and  from  about  that  period 
the  independent  issues  of  coin  commenced  at  Augsburg,  Ham- 
burg, Frankfort,  Strasburg,  etc.,  which  may  be  regarded  as  true 
republics  in  the  heart  of  the  empire.  The  coins  of  Nuremberg 
generally  surpass  those  of  the  emperors  of  corresponding  dates  in 
both  execution  and  purity,  while  they  are  equaled  by  many  of 
those  of  the  bishops,  the  electoral  princes,  and  many  petty  sover- 
eigns. As  examples  of  the  coinage  of  the  small  states  of  Ger- 
many, as  well  as  those  of  France,  those  of  the  city  of  Metz,  the 
County  of  Bar,  and  of  the  Dukes  of  Lorraine,  will  form  as  good 

128 


COINS  OF  GERMANY. 

examples  as  could  be  selected,  and  the  following  notice  will  be 
found  to  explain  their  character  pretty  clearly. 

MONEY  OF  THE  COUNTS  AND  COUNT  DUKES  OF  BAR. 

Frederic  of  the  Ardennes,  the  first  Count  of  Bar,  was  a  son  of 
Wiegeric,  Count  of  the  Palace,  under  Charles  the  Simple.  He 
married  Beatrice,  a  daughter  of  Hugh  Capet,  in  the  year  951 ; 
and  the  Emperor  Otho,  in  consequence  of  the  marriage,  conceded 
to  him  the  County  of  Bar.  His  dynasty  remained  in  hereditary 
possession  till  the  death  of  Frederic  II.,  in  1034 ;  when  his  daugh- 
ter Sophie  married  the  Count  of  Monteon  and  Montbelliard,  and 
lived  till  1093 ;  and  her  son,  Theodoric  II.,  succeeded  her.  The 
authors  of  "  L'Art  de  verifier  les  Dates"  state  that  he  was  the 
first  who  bore  upon  his  state-seal  two  hars^  a  kind  of  native  fish, 
in  allusion  to  the  name  of  the  district. 

There  is  no  money  of  Bar  known,  either  of  the  first  dynasty,  or 
of  the  one  of  Montbelliard,  which  succeeded  it,  nor  until  after  the 
reign  of  Thibault  II.,  who  died  in  1297. 

The  coins  of  his  son,  Henry  III.,  who  married  Alienor,  a 
daughter  of  Edward  III.  of  England,  are  the  earliest  known  of 
Bar. 

In  1342,  John,  the  blind  king  of  Bohemia,  and  Duke  of  Lux- 
emburg, afterward  killed  at  the  battle  of  Cressy,  and  Henry  IV., 
Count  of  Bar,  concluded  a  treaty,  by  which  they  agreed  to  strike 
money  for  the  common  currency  of  both  their  dominions,  more 
especially  in  Luxemburg.  Their  coinage  struck  under  this  en- 
gagement (the  original  written  document  concerning  which  is 
still  in  existence)  bears  the  inscription  ^  iohannes  :  rex  :  et  : 
HENRicvs  •  COMI  *  on  a  shield ;  on  the  obverse  the  arms  of  Bar 
and  Luxemburg  are  quartered;  and  on  the  reverse,  moneta 
SOCIORYM,  etc. 

There  are  silver  pieces  described  by  De  Saulci,  of  68,  24,  15, 
and  19  grains ;  and  of  billon  of  90  grains. 

130 


Plate  LXI. 


i^:Y^r. 


^^v-?)\ 


f;-'^:/ .  vv      -    1      -->  '■■■-■\  I     ■  V 


L:V^' 


l^^^,^ 


w 


rSfejyyii; 


*V' 


COINS  OF  GERMANY. 

Some  of  the  money  of  Bar,  soon  after  this  period,  closely  re- 
sembles in  type  that  of  the  kings  of  France,  especially  the  gros 
Toumois.  Coins  bearing  the  arms  of  Bar  and  Luxemburg  quar- 
tered were  also  issued,  under  Kobert  of  Bar,  and  John  Duke  of 
Luxemburg,  between  1378  and  1880. 

The  same  Duke  Kobert  appears  to  have  struck  gold  florins,  the 
first  gold  in  this  series,  which  are  copies,  except  the  name  of  the 
prince,  of  those  of  Charles  V.  of  France ;  and  have  for  device  of 
the  obverse  original  Florentine  type  the  figure  of  St.  John  the 
Baptist,  with  s  •  iohastnes  •  b  •,  and  on  the  reverse  the  well-known 
Florentine  lily,  with  robertvs  dvx  ;  while  those  of  the  kings  of 
France  have  karolvs  rex;  both  being,  in  other  respects, /ac- 
similes  of  the  original  coins  of  Florence. 

E^nd  of  Anjou  succeeded  to  the  Duchy  of  Bar  in  1419,  and 
reigned  till  1431;  and  during  his  reign  some  very  excellent 
money  was  struck.  He  married  the  daughter  of  the  Duke  of 
Lorraine;  and  thus  the  arms  of  Lorraine,  of  Bar,  and  of  the 
kingdom  of  Jerusalem  appear  on  the  very  handsome  coins  issued 
in  Bar  at  this  time. 

The  Duke  Charles  II.  of  Lorraine,  who  was  regent  of  the 
Compt6,  appears  to  have  issued  the  money  in  his  name. 

money  of  LORRAINE. 

The  first  two  Dukes  of  Lorraine  were  only  holders  of  the  titles 
and  privileges  for  life ;  but  on  the  death  of  Grozelon,  the  second 
duke,  the  emperor,  Henry  III.,  having  given  the  duchy  to  Gerard, 
Duke  of  Alsace,  instead  of  Godfrey,  son  of  Gozelon,  Godfrey 
caused  the* Duke  Gerard  to  be  assassinated;  but  the  emperor, 
nevertheless,  persisted  in  carrying  out  his  views,  and  appointed 
Albert,  the  nephew  of  Gerard,  to  the  duchy,  at  the  same  time 
making  the  ofiice  hereditary  in  his  family,  in  order  effectually  to 
shut  out  the  claims  of  Godfrey :  and  thus  commenced  the  heredi- 
tary power  of  the  house  of  Lorraine,  which  endured  for  seven 

132 


COINS  OF  GERMANY. 

centuries ;  issuing  a  series  of  money  little  inferior  to  that  of  the 
great  European  monarchies. 

Fine  coins  are  extant  of  Thibault  II. 

The  money  of  Farri  IV.,  who  succeeded,  is  still  better  exe- 
cuted. 

Of  Jean  or  John  I.,  taken  prisoner  by  the  Black  Prince  at  the 
battle  of  Poitiers,  and  carried  to  England  with  John  of  France,  a 
few  coins  are  known,  similar  in  art,  though  not  in  type,  to  the 
Anglo-Gallic  coins,  struck  by  the  Black  Prince  and  Henry  V.  in 
France. 

R^n6  II.,  from  1471  to  1508,  carried  on  a  war  against  Charles 
the  Bald,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  and  issued  silver  money  on  which 
his  arm  appeared  issuing  from  a  cloud,  and  holding  a  sword,  with 
the  inscription  adjuva  nos  deus  salvtaris  noster,  or,  fecit 
POTENTIAM  IN  BRACHis  SVG. ;  in  allusion  to  the  greatness  of  his 
cause. 

Grold  money  first  appears  in  this  reign ;  and  the  florins  have 
for  type  a  full  figure  of  St.  Nicholas  in  episcopal  robes,  at  whose 
feet  is  a  vessel  containing  three  children ;  on  the  other  side  are 
the  arms  of  Hungary,  Naples,  Jerusalem,  Aragon,  Nancy,  and 
Bar,  all  alluding  to  territories  or  alliances  of  the  reigning  family. 

The  ducat  of  gold  was  also  issued,  the  principal  types  being  a 
ducal  e&.gy,  in  front  of  which  is  a  shield  with  the  arms  of  Bar 
and  Lorraine,  with  "S.  Georgius,"  and  "1492" — one  of  the  earli- 
est examples  of  a  date  on  a  coin  of  a  sovereign  prince.  Some  of 
4he  silver  coins  of  this  reign  are  of  large  dimensions. 

The  transition  from  the  mediaeval  style  of  art  to  the  modern 
took  place  in  Lorraine  in  the  long  reign  of  Charles  III.,  who  be- 
gan to  reign  in  1545,  and  reigned  till  1608.  The  later  coins  are 
of  finer  execution  than  any  English  coins  of  the  end  of  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth  or  beginning  of  James  I.  The  portrait  is  found  on 
the  early  coins  of  Charles  III.,  in  extreme  youth,  and  resembles 
some  of  those  of  Edward  YI. ;  and  the  larger  pieces  correspond 

134 


Plate  LXIII. 


COINS  OF  HOLLAND. 

in  size  to  the  crowns  and  half-crowns  of  that  English  reign. 
They  are  dated  1557,  and  have  for  reverse  seven  small  shields 
arranged  in  a  circle,  with  different  arms ;  and  in  the  centre,  with 
an  inner  circle  of  beading,  a  somewhat  larger  shield  bears  the 
arms  of  Lorraine.    There  is  no  legend  on  this  side  of  the  coin. 

A  magnificent  ecu,  or  crown,  was  struck  toward  the  close  of 
this  reign  (1603),  the  style  of  which  is  similar  (but  finer)  to  those 
of  Henry  lY.  of  France. 

Francis  III.,  the  heir  of  Lorraine,  becoming  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many, the  series  of  Lorraine  coins  ends  with  Charles  III.  In 
this  last  reign  the  coinage  of  Lorraine  was  equal  to  any  in 
Europe. 

COINAGES   OF   HOLLAND,  BOHEMIA,  ETC. 

The  coinage  of  the  Counts  of  Holland  and  Flanders  followed 
much  the  same  course  as  that  of  Bar  or  Lorraine.  In  the  east  of 
Europe  the  coinage  of  the  Slavonic  races  was  even  somewhat 
more  imbued  with  the  style  of  the  Byzantine  coinage  of  the  still 
existing  Eastern  Empire  of  Eome. 

Bohemia,  the  most  westerlj?-  of  the  purely  Slavonic  states,  has 
the  earliest  coinage ;  it  commences  with  that  of  Duke  Boleslaus, 
in  the  year  909,  the  coins  bearing  both  his  portrait  and  name. 
These  are  followed  by  coins  of  Bocelaus  II.  and  his  wife  Emence, 
about  970.  Bocelaus  IIL  in  1002;  Jaromin,  1020;  Udalrich, 
1030 ;  Bracislaus  I.  and  Spitihenetis.  Wralislaus,  the  first  king, 
in  1060  issued  coins  with  the  regal  title,  and  then  fbllow  those  of 
Wadislaus,  etc.,  which  space  does  not  allow  me  to  particularize. 

The  Bracteate  money,  however,  of  Ottocar,  issued  about  1197, 
must  not  be  passed  over,  as  it  is  the  type  of  a  peculiar  class  issued 
about  that  time  in  several  parts  of  Europe.  This  species  of  coin 
is  of  very  thin  silver,  and  only  impressed  with  a  type  on  one 
side,  the  back  having  the  hollow  indent  of  the  same  form.  These 
coins  form  a  modern  variety,  somewhat  analogous  to  the  ancient 

136 


COINS  OF  RUSSIA. 

incused  money  of  Magna  Graecia,  but  they  are  much  thinner,  and 
of  course  greatly  inferior  in  execution  and  totally  different  in  the 
style  of  types.  This  kind  of  money  was  struck  in  the  greatest 
quantity  about  the  twelfth  century,  and  bears  various  types,  the 
cross  being  the  most  common ;  but  the  heraldic  badges,  of  differ- 
ent states,  such  as  the  lion,  etc.,  are  found  upon  the  bracteates  of 
different  countries. 

The  coinage  of  Hungary  belongs  to  a  similar  class  to  that  of 
Bohemia. 

The  coinage  of  Poland  is  that  of  an  allied  race,  and  consequent- 
ly follows  a  similar  course  in  its  development  and  progress  to 
that  of  Bohemia. 

COINAGE  OF  RUSSIA. 

In  Kussia,  when  Vladimir,  or  Yolodemir  I.,  Duke  of  Russia,  in 
981,  married  the  daughter  of  the  Byzantine  emperor,  art  first  be- 
gan to  dawn  on  Russia.  The  Tartar  conquest  of  1238  interrupt- 
ed the  course  of  civilization  for  a  long  period ;  and  not  till  1462, 
J  when  the  foreign  yoke  was  thrown  off,  can  the  modern  race  of 
sovereigns  be  said  to  commence.  The  capital  was  anciently  Kiof, 
but  the  custom  of  dividing  the  territory  among  all  the  sons  of  the 
duke  caused  many  independent  states  to  arise,  so  that  there  are 
also  coins  of  the  Princes  of  Twer,  Rostovia,  Tchemigor,  Suenigo- 
rod,  Mojaiski,  Pleskow,  Riazin,  and  Caschin.  The  most  ancient 
money  bears  the  names  of  princes,  without  dates,  and,  as  many 
of  the  same  name  were  reigning  in  different  districts,  renders  it 
exceedingly  difficult  to  classify  the  Russian  money  of  the  early 
epochs ;  but  it  may  be  fairly  stated  that  no  Russian  money  exists 
much  earlier  than  the  thirteenth  century.  The  earliest  coins 
of  that  country  have  generally  a  man  standing  with  a  bow,  or 
spear,  for  principal  type,  somewhat  similar  to  the  coins  of  the 
Scythian  dynasties,  who  subdued  the  north  of  India;  and  on 
the  reverse  rude  figures  of  different  animals.     Some  have  St. 

138 


Flail,  LXV. 


COINS  OF  PRUSSIA. 

George  and  the  Dragon.  These  are  nearly  all  kopecs^  or  silver 
pennies. 

Under  Ivan,  or  John,  in  1547,  the  Eussian  dollar,  or  rouble, 
commences,  and  also  its  half.  Those  of  the  Pretender  Demetrius 
are  very  scarce. 

The  recent  coins  of  Kussia  are  too  well  known  to  require 
notice. 

COINAGE  OF  PRUSSIA. 

The  first  Prussia  silver  pennies  were  coined  by  the  Teutonic? 
Order  at  Culm.  In  the  next  century  the  rulers  of  Prussia  coined 
schelUngSj  groats,  and  schots,  the  latter  being  the  largest,  and  conse- 
quently the  most  scarce.  The  types  were  generally  an  eagle  sur- 
mounting a  oross,  with  a  scalloped  border,  forming  a  quatrefoil  or 
cinque  foil,  with  the  legend  moneta  dominorum  .  prvssie.  The 
reverse  is  a  cross  fleurie  with  a  similar  border,  with  honor  .  ma- 
GISTRI .  IVSTITIAM .  DILIGIT.  In  the  Same  century  the  first  gold 
was  struck. 

In  1466  Poland  acquired  the  eastern  portion  of  Prussia,  and 
the  Teutonic  knights  became  vassals  to  that  crown  for  the  rest. 

Albert,  Marquis  of  Brandenburg,  was  the  last  master  of  the 
Teutonic  Order,  and  in  1525  was  made  Duke  of  Eastern  Prussia, 
to  be  held  as  a  fief  of  Poland.  At  this  period  the  money  was  so 
debased  that  thirteen  current  marks  were  only  worth  one  mark 
of  pure  silver.  In  1657  Eastern  Prussia  was  declared  free  from 
vassalage  to  Poland,  and  the  princes  of  the  house  of  Branden- 
burg assumed  the  title  of  Kings  of  Prussia,  since  which  period 
the  coins  of  Prussia  are  well  known. 

COINAGE  OF  DENMARK  AND  THE  NORTHERN  STATES. 

Of  the  northern  states  of  Europe,  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Nor- 
way, the  progress  of  the  coinages  resembles  that  of  the  English 
monarchy.     Of  the  Danes,  the  earliest  coins  known  are  those 

140 


COINS  OF  DENMARK. 

which  were  struck  in  England  and  Scotland.  After  Canute  the 
Great  the  national  Danish  series  may  be  said  to  commence. 

Those  of  Magnus  Bonus,  1041,  have  a  half-length  figure  of 
the  king,  with  Kunic  reverses,  and  are  of  neat  execution.  On 
those  of  Sweno  II.  the  portrait  has  an  arched  crown ;  and  the 
reverses  have  curious  ornaments  of  a  tesselated  form  running 
across  the  field,  with  a  series  of  mill's  on  either  side,  apparently 
an  imitation  of  Koman  letters,  not  understood.  The  coins  of 
Harald  II.,  1074,  have  generally  two  heads,  the  throne  being 
contested  by  his  brother,  and  the  moneyers  being  apparently 
anxious  to  keep  in  with  both  claimants  for  supreme  power. 

The  coins  of  Canute  or  Cnut,  the  Saint,  have  cnvt  r.  for  CNVT. 
REX.,  and  on  the  reverse  sivord.  i.  roci.  (Eoschild),  then  the  name 
of  the  Danish  capital. 

The  coins  of  King  Nicholas,  called  in  Danish  Niel,  are  very 
rude,  as  are  those  of  Waldemar  and  his  successors,  including 
those  of  the  celebrated  Margaret,  whose  coins  have  no  legend. 
The  coins  of  Olaf  (1376)  have  a  full-faced  portrait,  with  a  crowned 
0  for  the  reverse. 

Eric  (1426),  after  his  return  from  the  Holy  Land,  issued  billon 
coins,  that  is,  of  base  silver,  which  is  the  "  black  money"  spoken 
of  by  the  chroniclers  of  various  states  about  this  time. 

The  later  coinage  of  Denmark  is  similar  to  that  of  the  rest  of 
Europe. 

The  earliest  coins  of  Sweden  appear  to  be  those  of  Biorno, 
about  818,  which  resemble  those  of  Charlemagne,  having  a  cross 
for  principal  type,  though  it  would  appear  that  Biorno  was  not  a 
Christian. 

The  next  well -authenticated  Swedish  coins  do  not  occur  till 
those  which  are  probably  of  Olaf  Skolkonung,  in  1019,  with  the 
legend  olvf.  rex.  svevorvm.,  and  those  of  Anund,  1026,  with 
ANVND.  REX. ;  and  on  the  reverse,  thormod.  on.  sihtv.  Sihtu 
being  Signuta,  the  ancient  capital  of  Sweden.     On  the  coins  of 

142  ♦ 


Plate  LXVII. 


COINS  OF  NORWAY. 

Hacon,  1067,  the  name  reads  aacvne.  A  similar  series  brings 
the  Swedish  coinage  to  1387,  when  we  have  those  of  Margaret, 
Queen  of  Denmark  and  Sweden,  but  all  very  rude,  Brenner's 
plates  conveying  the  notion  of  very  much  better  coins. 

From  this  period  to  that  of  Gustavus  Vasa,  Sweden  was  subject 
to  Denmark,  and  the  coinage  of  that  country  superseded  the 
national  one;  the  Danish  types  being  only  distinguished  from 
those  struck  in  Denmark  by  legends  Moneta  Stockol,  or  Arosien- 
sis,  or  Lundensis,  etc.  Dano-Swedish  coins  of  this  class  continue 
to  the  reign  of  Christian,  1550,  during  which  time  coins  struck  by 
Danish  governors  appear,  as  those  of  Cnutson,  Steno  Sture,  Swan- 
to  Sture,  Steno  Sture  II.,  etc. 

Till  1470  there  are  only  silver  pennies  in  the  Swedish  series ; 
after  that  year  there  are  half-pennies  also ;  and  Gustavus  Yasa, 
on  re-establishing  the  national  independence,  greatly  improved 
the  coinage,  issuing,  in  addition  to  the  pennies  and  half-pennies 
of  former  periods,  a  larger  class  of  silver  coins,  similar  to  those 
then  beginning  to  appear  in  other  European  states.  In  1634  gold 
ducats  were  coined,  with  the  head  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  though 
he  was  killed  in  1632 ;  for  his  only  child,  Christina,  being  an  in- 
fant at  the  time  of  his  death,  the  portrait  of  the  deceased  king, 
the  glory  of  the  Swedish  annals,  was  continued  upon  the  coinage. 

In  the  reign  of  Charles  XII.  such  was  the  waste  of  the  national 
wealth,  caused  by  the  insane  mania  for  military  glory  of  this 
prince,  that  the  Baron  Goertz  endeavored  to  supply  the  deficien- 
cy by  issuing  copper  coins,  bearing  the  heads  of  Saturn,  Jupiter, 
etc.,  which  were  ordered  to  pass  for  dollars,  a  political  experiment 
for  which  the  unfortunate  but  loyal  projector  was  eventually 
brought  to  the  block. 

The  coins  of  Norway  begin  with  those  of  Olaf,  in  1066,  and 
bear  the  legend  onlaf  rex  nor.  Some  Norwegian  coins  have 
on  the  reverse  the  letters  Ni.  for  Nidaros,  Nidrosen,  or  Nidsen, 
now  Drontheim,  the  capital.     On  the  coinage  the  heirs-apparent 

144 


Plate  LXVUI. 


K 


COINS  OF  FRANCE. 

to  the  crown  were  termed  Dukes  of  Korway,  and  among  the  coins 
bearing  the  title  of  Duke  are  those  of  the  Duke  Philip,  with 
PHILIPPVS.  DUX.  NORWEGi^,  which  have  on  the  reverse  mone- 
TA.  EASLOENS.  Those  of  King  Eric,  1280,  and  those  of  Hacon, 
1309,  which  are  good  of  the  period,  have  also  this  title,  and  the 
legend  on  the  last-named  reads  haqvinvs.  dvx.  norv.  Copper 
coins  of  Magnus  Smek  occur  as  early  as  1343.  The  last  Norwe- 
gian coins  are  those  of  another  Hacon,  1379.  After  which  period 
Norway  was  united  with  Denmark.  Of  Sweden,  Denmark,  and 
Norway,  there  are  also  coins  of  Bishops,  as  in  France,  Germany, 
and  England,  those  of  Sweden  and  Denmark  being  more  numer- 
ous than  those  of  Norway. 

As  an  example,  the  following  may  be  cited:  Olaws  Arch- 
bishop Drontheim.  On  the  obverse  are  the  titles  of  the  king, 
SANCTVS  CLAWS '  REX.  NORVEG,  and  On  the  reverse  the  name  and 
title  of  the  Archbishop,  claws  •  dei  •  gra  •  arcep  •  nid'sen,  for 
NidrosiensiSj  referring  to  Nidsen  or  Nidrosen,  now  Drontheim. 

COINS  OF  THE  FRENCH  MONARCHY. 

The  earliest  coins  of  the  Frankish  monarchy  are  those  coined 
after  permission  to  strike  gold  money  was  conceded  by  the  East- 
ern Emperors  to  Clovis,  or  his  immediate  successors,  about  the 
time  that  a  similar  right  was  granted  to  Amalric,  the  Gothic  King 
of  Spain.  The  series  of  gold  inenteSj  coined  by  these  two  states 
for  upward  of  two  centuries,  form  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
features  of  the  early  history  of  the  coinage  of  modem  Europe, 
especially  when  it  is  considered  that  this  issue  of  modern  gold 
took  place  at  a  period  when  all  the  other  emancipated  portions  of 
the  Western  Empire  were  in  a  most  barbarous  condition  as  re- 
gards the  coinage. 

After  the  remarkable  gold  coinage  of  the  first  race  of  Frankish 
kings — ^the  Merovingian  dynasty — the  gold  coinage  disappears. 
The  trientes  were  of  the  value  of  one  third  of  the  Byzantine  soli- 

146 


COINS  OF  FKANCE. 

dus ;  and  there  were  also  coined  a  few  semisses^  or  halves  of  the 
same  coin.  They  have  generally  a  small  and  not  ill-executed 
head  of  the  king,  with  his  name,  though  sometimes  the  name  is 
that  of  the  moneyer.  On  the  reverse  is  a  cross,  with  the  name  of 
the  city  where  the  coin  was  minted. 

With  Pepin  commence  the  coins  of  the  Carlovingian  race, 
which  are  as  remarkable  for  barbarous  workmanship  as  those 
of  the  preceding  dynasty  for  good  execution.  Those  of  Charle- 
magne have  generally  merely  the  name  of  caeolvs,  without  a 
portrait,  only  a  few  struck  in  Eome  having  a  rude  bust  of  the 
emperor.  The  reverse  has  generally  E.  F.,  for  Eex  Francorum,  or 
some  such  brief  inscription. 

The  coins  of  Louis  Le  Debonnaire  are,  however,  much  better 
executed,  and  seem  to  show,  by  their  Roman  style  of  treatment, 
that  there  yet  existed  Roman  Mints  in  Gaul,  or  rather  France, 
where  the  ancient  skill  in  coining  money  was  still  lingering. 

The  coins  of  the  third  race,  commencing  with  Hugh  Capet,  re- 
main— inferior  in  the  art  of  coinage,  with  few  exceptions ;  and  in 
the  reign  of  Philip  I.,  contemporary  with  William  the  Conqueror, 
a  species  of  money  was  issued  formed  of  a  piece  of  leather,  with  a 
silver  nail  fixed  in  the  centre.  It  is  not  till  the  reign  of  St.  Louis, 
1226,  that  the  French  coinage  greatly  improves,  and  that  the  groat 
appears.  This  coin,  of  the  value  of  four  pennies,  appeared  first 
in  Italy,  where  it  was  known  as  the  grossOj  or  large  coin ;  and  in 
France  it  became  the  gros;  in  Germany  the  grvote;  in  England 
the  groat ;  where,  however,  it  did  not  appear  permanently  till  the 
reign  of  Edward  III.,  nearly  a  century  later  than  its  first  appear- 
ance in  France. 

Gold  did  not  reappear  in  France  till  a  considerable  period  had 
elapsed  after  the  issue  of  the  Italian  florin,  as  the  gold  florins, 
given  by  Le  Blanc  to  Philip  Augustus  and  Louis  VIII.  belong 
evidently  to  Philip  the  Bold,  or  Philip  the  Fair,  and  Louis  X. 
Under  Philip  of  Yalois — from  1328  to  1350 — no  less  than  ten 

148 


Plate  LXX. 


COINS  OF  FRANCE. 

kinds  of  gold  coins  are  enumerated  by  French  numismatists, 
among  which  are  la  chaise^  being  such  as  exhibit  the  sovereign 
seated  in  a  chair  of  state,  or  throne ;  the  lion^  having  a  figure  of  a 
lion  for  principal  type ;  the  lamb  (I'agneau),  etc. 

The  difficulties  which  ensued  about  this  period,  consequent 
upon  the  English  invasions,  caused  great  deterioration  in  the 
French  mintage,  and  base  coin  of  all  kinds  got  into  circulation 
in  the  epoch  of  confusion  and  distress  which  ensued. 

In  the  time  of  St.  Louis,  black  coin  had  been  issued,  that  is  bil- 
lon, or  bad  silver.  Of  these  there  was  the  Hard,  or  hardij  which 
was  equal  to  three  demersj  or  silver  pennies;  and  the  maiHe^  or 
obole,  half  the  denier  ;  with  the  bourgeoise,  or  pite^  of  one  quarter 
of  the  denier. 

The  hlancs^  or  billon  groats,  were  also  issued  about  this  time,  but 
received  the  name  of  blancs,  from  being  silvered  over  to  hide  the 
baseness  of  their  metal. 

The  celebrated  French  gold  of  the  period  of  Charles  YII.,  called 
the  eciis  d  la  couronne,  or  crowns  of  gold,  were  so  called  from  the 
crown,  which  formed  the  type  of  the  reverse,  and  gave  us  the 
term  crown,  which  in  France  was  first  applied  to  gold,  though  it 
afterward  became  the  denomination  of  a  silver  coin.  The  ecus  a 
la  courpnne  continued  to  be  issued  by  succeeding  French  sover- 
eigns ;  those  struck  by  Anne  of  Brittany,  after  the  death  of  her 
first  husband,  are  remarkable  for  their  elegant  workmanship. 

In  the  reign  of  Louis  XIL,  the  new  silver,  of  about  the  value 
of  a  modem  franc,  issued  with  the  large  portrait  of  the  king,  were 
termed  testons,  or  great  heads,  a  term  afterward  applied  to  the 
shillings  of  Henri  YIIL,  in  the  anglicized  form  of  testoon. 

In  the  reign  of  Henri  II.,  the  elegant  piece,  called  the  Henri, 
was  issued,  which  has  for  type  a  personification  of  Gaul  sitting 
on  a  group  of  arms,  with  a  Victory  in  her  hand,  with  optimo 
principi,  and  Gallia;  evidently  suggested  by  ancient  Eoman 
coins,  which  now  began  to  be  studied — the  celebrated  Budee  hav- 

160 


COINS  OF  FRANCE. 

ing  written  "bis  treatise  on  tlie  Eoman  coinage  in  the  reign  of 
Francis  I.  There  are  other  coins  of  the  Cardinal  Bourbon,  who, 
at  the  time  of  the  League,  was  put  forward  under  the  title  of 
Charles  X. 

The  silver  crown  and  its  half  had  now  commenced  in  France, 
as  in  other  countries ;  and  on  subsequent  crowns  of  Louis  XIII. 
the  title  of  GatalonicB  princeps  is  assumed. 

The  first  Louis  d'or  appeared  about  1640. 

152 


Plate  LXXII. 


^i)t  Striking  of  iHeirak  anb  €oin0. 

It  was  no  part  of  the  design  of  this  work  to  go  into  a  history 
of  medals,  or  attempt  any  description  of  those  which  are  illus- 
trated in  this  volume.  The  art  of  making  coins  and  that  of  mak- 
ing medals  is  one  art,  and  the  splendor  of  national  coinage  has 
always  been  accompanied  by  a  corresponding  splendor  of  nation- 
al medals. 

It  may  not  be  amiss,  for  the  benefit  of  young  readers,  to  de- 
scribe briefly  the  process  of  making  a  medal  or  a  coin,  and  there 
may  be  in  this  description  some  points  not  known  to  all  adult 
readers. 

The  first  work  in  the  art  is  the  preparation  of  the  dies.  These 
are  in  all  cases  two :  one  for  the  upper  and  the  other  for  the  un- 
der side  of  the  medal.  The  die  is  cut  by  a  die-sinker.  The  hub 
or  die  is  first  made  by  a  blacksmith  out  of  steel.  It  is  usually  a 
cylinder  or  a  cone  of  steel,  of  a  size  varying  according  to  the  size 
of  the  medal  to  be  produced.  This  lump  of  steel  is  turned  in  a 
lathe,  so  that  the  upper  end  of  it  shall  be  round,  of  the  size  of 
the  medal  to  be  struck,  and  so  exact  as  to  fit  a  steel  collar  or  ring 
that  is  made  for  it.  The  two  dies  are  of  exactly  the  same  size, 
fitting  this  collar,  and  so  arranged  that  the  two  will  easily  go  into 
the  collar  face  to  face.  On  the  smooth  surfaces  of  the  dies  the 
die-sinker  or  die-cutter  with  his  tools  cuts  the  designs  intended  to 
be  in  raised  letters  and  figures  on  the  medal.  Not  infrequently 
a  design  is  ordered  which  the  die-cutter  has  executed  before.  In 
this  case  he  may  possibly  have  a  small  lump  of  hard  steel  on 

164 


com  AND  MEDAL  STRIKING. 

which  is  a  raised  copy  of  this  design.  This  he  calls  a  punch,  and 
he  drives  this  into  the  surface  of  the  soft  steel  die  with  a  ham- 
mer or  with  a  press,  thus  saving  the  time  and  labor  of  cutting  it 
out.  This  process  he  generally  uses  with  letters,  wreaths,  and 
all  common  ornaments. 

When  numerous  copies  of  a  die  are  needed,  as  in  Mints  for 
coinage,  the  first  die  cut  from  the  die-cutter's  hands  is  called  the 
master-die.  This  is  cut  in  soft  steel,  hardened  by  heating  and 
cooling  in  water,  and  then  soft  steel  is  forced  into  it  by  a  tremen- 
dous pressure,  thus  taking  an  impression  of  it  in  soft  steel,  which 
is  again  itself  hardened.  Thus  we  have  a  coin  in  steel.  This  is 
a  punch  which  can  be  forced  into  a  dozen  or  a  hundred  dies  of 
soft  steel,  which  being  in  turn  hardened,  will  thus  produce  as 
many  dies  for  use  in  striking  coins. 

The  dies  being  cut  and  hardened,  the  collar  is  hardened  also. 
If  it  is  desired  to  place  an  inscription  on  the  edge  of  the  coin,  or 
to  mark  the  edge  with  any  design,  this  is  done  by  engraving  the 
design  in  the  collar ;  for,  as  will  be  seen,  this  collar  is  to  receive 
the  metal  which  is  to  be  pressed  between  the  two  dies  and  pre- 
vent its  expansion,  and,  of  course,  if  there  be  any  engraving  on 
the  inside  of  the  collar  it  will  appear  on  the  edge  of  the  coin  or 
medal. 

The  metals  used  for  medals  are  various.  The  softest,  cheapest, 
and  most  easily  struck  is  commonly  called  white  metal.  It  is 
either  pure  tin  or  Britannia  ware,  which  is  a  composition  metal. 
The  composition  is  varied  by  different  workmen.  The  medals 
commonly  called  bronze  are  usually  struck  in  pure  copper,  and 
bronzed  afterward.  Brass  is  a  harder  metal  to  strike  than  cop- 
per or  silver,  requiring  more  force,  and  more  likely  to  break  the 
dies.  German  silver  is  esteemed  the  hardest  to  strike  of  all  com- 
position metals. 

In  striking  medals  the  dies  are  placed  in  a  press  made  for 
the  purpose.    Tokens  and  small  coins  are  usually  struck  by  the 

166 


Platk  LXXIV. 


COIN  AND  MEDAL  STEIKING. 

use  of  a  drop  weight.  ("We  are  not  now  speaking  of  the  Mints 
where  steam  power  and  coin  presses  are  in  use,  but  of  the  die- 
cutting  and  striking  establishments  of  New  York,  Waterbury,  etc.) 
The  drop  is  a  heavy  iron  weight,  in  the  bottom  of  which  one  of 
the  dies  is  fixed.  The  lower  die  is  made  stationary,  with  the  col- 
lar resting  on  it.  The  planchet  or  planket  (a  piece  of  copper  or 
other  metal  cut  of  the  required  thickness  and  size)  is  laid  in  the 
collar  on  the  face  of  the  lower  die,  the  drop  falls  and  ascends  in- 
stantly, leaving  the  planchet  impressed  with  the  designs — in  fact, 
a  complete  coin  or  medal. 

For  larger  medals,  however,  a  screw  press  is  generally  used. 
This  is  simply  a  large  screw  passing  through  a  heavy  solid  iron 
frame.  The  dies  rest  on  the  lower  part  of  the  frame.  Across 
the  head  of  the  screw  is  a  lever,  with  heavy  weights  attached, 
which  is  used  to  turn  the  screw  down.  The  dies  are  placed  in 
position,  with  a  planchet  between  them,  in  the  collar.  A  blow  is 
struck  by  sending  the  lever  around  with  naore  or  less  force. 

It  is  not  often  that  a  copper  medal  is  completed  at  one  blow  of 
the  press.  The  metal  is  compressed  by  the  blow  to  its  full  ex- 
tent, but  fails  to  fill  the  lines  cut  in  the  dies.  This  is  always  the 
case  where  the  die  contains  deep  work,  and  the  medal  is  to  be  in 
high  relief.  The  process  then  is,  after  striking  the  first  blow,  to 
anneal  the  planchets,  that  is,  heat  them  to  a  red  heat.  The  metal 
is  thus  expanded  and  softened.  It  is  then  washed  off  with  a 
weak  acid,  and  subjected  to  a  second  blow.  It  may  require  a 
third,  fourth,  fifth,  or  a  tenth  blow  to  bring  up  a  copper  medal 
to  a  sharp  and  perfect  impression,  and  the  same  annealing  and 
washing  process  is  repeated  before  each  blow. 

In  the  Mint  the  machinery  is  carried  to  a  stage  of  perfection 
that  none  but  experienced  machinists  can  understand.  The  issue 
of  coins  is  so  large  as  to  require  labor-saving  mechanism ;  hence 
the  entire  work  that  we  have  described  as  done  by  hand,  is  there 
accomplished  by  steel  and  iron  sinews,  nerves,  and  fingers. 

168 


AMEKICAN  MEDALISTS. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  remark  on  the  vast  changes  in  this  re- 
spect which  the  art  of  coinage  has  undergone.  The  wood-cuts  on 
Plate  XXI.  illustrate  the  manner  in  which  the  art  was  exercised 
only  a  few  hundred  years  ago.  It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  the 
entire  process  of  coinage  in  that  age  can  be  illustrated  in  one 
small  wood-cut  of  this  kind,  while  to  show  the  present  perfection 
of  the  art  and  the  detail  of  machinery  employed  would  occupy 
nearly  all  the  Plates  in  this  volume. 

The  art  of  coinage  has  never  received  great  attention  in  Amer- 
ica. The  national  Mint  has  employed  excellent  talent,  and  some 
of  its  issues  compare  favorably  with  those  of  other  nations,  but 
many  pieces  have  been  struck  which  are  no  credit  to  the  country. 
Let  us  rejoice  at  the  disappearance  of  the  copper  cent  with  the 
idiotic  head  of  Liberty  which  so  long  defaced  it. 

"We  have  produced  but  few  medalists ;  yet  we  are  not  without 
some  fine  artists.  The  late  C.  C.  Wright  has  left  a  very  high 
reputation,  and  his  medals  are  justly  prized  by  collectors.  His 
partner,  Bale,  was  also  an  admirable  artist. 
.  Eobert  Lovett,  and  his  sons  George  H.  and  John  D.,  in  New 
York,  and  his  son  Eobert  in  Philadelphia,  have  all  executed  fine 
works.  So  also  have  George  "W.  May,  once  a  partner  of  Bale, 
and  George  Glaubrecht,  now  the  partner  of  May,  both  in  New 
York.  Smith  and  Harttman  in  New  York,  rank  among  the  first 
of  American  medalists;  and  Key  in  Philadelphia,  has  also  a 
well-merited  reputation.  The  great  number  and  variety  of  agri- 
cultural and  other  prize-medals  which  these  gentlemen  have  cut 
from  year  to  year  show  at  once  their  industry  and  their  success. 

160 


Plate  LXXVI. 


XI. 

I§int0  to  fiottng  (Eolkttora. 

Confine  your  attention  as  closely  as  possible  to  one  class  or 
series  of  coins  at  a  time.  Do  not  reject  other  coins  or  medals 
not  belonging  to  this  series,  but  do  not  give  time,  labor,  or  money 
to  their  accumulation.  Thus,  in  commencing  a  collection  of 
American  coins,  start  with  the  design  of  making  a  complete  set 
of  cents.  You  will  easily  accomplish  this,  with  the  exception  of 
1793,  1799,  and  1804.  But  do  not  content  yourself  with  poor 
specimens.  Always  take  the  first  specimen  you  find  of  any  cent, 
good  or  poor,  but  exchange  it  for  a  better  specimen  when  you 
can  find  one.  Never  waste  a  moment  of  time  over  a  coin  whose 
date  is  doubtful.  It  must  be  too  poor,  in  that  case,  for  any  col- 
lection. 

Having  completed  one  series  of  coins,  or  having  all  but  the 
very  rare  dates,  turn  your  attention  to  another  series  and  com- 
plete that.  By  diligence  and  patience  you  will  in  this  manner 
collect  a  valuable  and  interesting  cabinet 

When  your  collection  justifies  it,  have  a  case  or  cabinet  made 
to  hold  it.  An  immense  number  of  coins  can  be  laid  in  a 
small  space,  A  case  two  feet  high,  two  wide,  and  one  deep, 
with  folding-doors,  filled  with  drawers  each  five-eighths  of  an 
inch  deep,  a  few  being  deeper  for  medals,  will  hold  several 
thousand  coins.  Cover  your  drawers  with  cloth  or  cotton 
velvet.  Let  slats  be  tacked  across  the  drawer  from  side  to 
side,  but  do  not  separate  the  coins  in  one  row  from  each  oth- 

162 


ADVICE  TO  COLLECTORS. 

er.  The  only  danger  of  rubbing  is  in  opening  and  shutting 
the  drawers,  and  this  will  be  prevented  by  the  slats  from  side 
to  side. 

Arrange  your  ancient,  foreign,  and  colonial  coins  by  States, 
your  regular  series  of  United  States  coins  by  dates,  your  trades- 
men's cards  alphabetically,  and  your  political  tokens  as  best  suits 
your  taste. 

Clean  your  coins  very  carefully.  For  brass  coins  (by  brass  I 
mean  what  we  now  commonly  call  brass  as  distinct  from  copper) 
use  ammonia  (common  spirits  of  hartshorn)  two  parts,  prepared 
chalk  one  part,  by  weight.  Place  them  in  a  phial  together; 
shake  well  when  used.  Wash  the  coin,  rubbing  it  hard  with 
flannel,  and  clean  off  quickly  with  clear  water ;  then  polish  with 
dry  flannel. 

Clean  silver  coins  with  soap  and  water  and  a  soft  brush. 
Never  touch  acid  to  silver  or  copper  coins,  unless  very  cau- 
tiously. 

Clean  copper  coins  with  soap  and  water,  and  then  polish 
them  with  powdered  soap-stone  on  flannel.  Never  wash  a  cop- 
per coin  to  give  it  a  bright  copper  color.  The  result  will 
be  to  show  all  the  scratches  and  bruises  on  the  coin.  It  is 
better  to  leave  the  dark  color  untouched,  and  the  soap-stone 
will  almost  bronze  it.  Do  not  touch  ammonia  or  acid  to  a 
copper  coin. 

White  metal  can  be  cleaned  with  alcohol,  or  soap  and  water,  or 
the  ammonia  and  chalk. 

Never  be  induced  to  pay  extravagant  prices  for  worthless 
coins.  There  are  some  coins  which  command  and  are  worth  a 
large  price.  But  these  are,  in  fact,  very  few.  Even  the  rarity 
of  a  coin  is  no  test  of  its  real  value  to  a  collector.  It  may 
increase  the  price  of  the  article;  but  the  young  collector  should 
bear  ever  in  mind  that  the  high  price  asked  for  a  coin  be- 
cause it  is  rare  ought  not  to  make  him  desirous  of  possess- 

164 


Plate  LXXVIU. 


BOOKS  TO  BE  CONSULTED. 

ing  it.  The  moment  that  the  collector  begins  to  value  coins 
because  of  their  rarity,  he  descends  in  the  scale  of  science; 
and  when  he  seeks  to  possess  rare  coins  merely  because  of 
their  being  rare,  he  becomes  a  speculator,  enviofts,  and  uncom- 
fortable in  the  presence  of  others,  and  ceases  to  be  a  genuine 
numismatist. 

Eead  as  you  collect.  Never  let  a  coin  lie  in  your  cabinet  that 
you  can  not  give  the  history  of,  or  connect  with  some  historical 
event,  if  it  be  possible.  Be  careful  that  your  collecting  does  not 
become  a  mere  matter  of  curiosity.  Let  it  rather  be  a  constant 
aid  to  your  study  of  history. 

In  directing  your  attention  to  works  on  coins  and  medals,  it  is 
impossible  to  do  more  than  name  a  few  of  the  most  accessible  and 
reasonable  in  price.  Mionnet's  great  work  will  prove  too  ex- 
pensive for  the  ordinary  collector,  if  indeed  a  copy  can  be  procured 
at  any  price.  If  purchased  at  $125,  it  might  be  esteemed  cheap. 
Eckel  is  important  to  the  collector  who  devotes  himself  to  ancient 
coins,  and  may  be  had  for  $20  to  $30.  But  books  of  this  class 
are  not  for  the  beginner.  Humphrey's  Coin  Collector's  Manual, 
and  Humphrey's  Coinage  of  the  British  Empire,  the  first  of  which 
may  be  procured  in  Bohn's  Library  edition  at  a  very  cheap  price 
($2  50),  and  the  second  at  about  $7  in  America,  will  be  the  first 
works  on  foreign  coinage  to  which  you  will  direct  your  attention. 
Even  before  procuring  these,  you  can  not  do  better  than  to 
buy  and  study  the  admirable  25-cent  compilation  of  J.  Thomp- 
son of  New  York,  Thompson's  Coin  Chart  Manual,  which 
will  give  you  at  a  glance  a  general  idea  of  the  styles  of  coinage 
of  various  nations  of  the  world,  and  will  aid  you  in  determining 
coins  to  which  you  might  otherwise  devote  a  vast  deal  of  useless 
speculation.  We  have  received  numerous  letters  of  inquiry  as  to 
the  name,  quality,  and  value  of  coins,  which  the  owner  could  have 
determined  in  a  moment  for  himself  with  the  aid  of  this  excellent 
manual.    It  also  contains  illustrations  of  nearly  all  the  American 

166 


ADVICE  TO  COLLECTORS. 

gold  and  silver  series,  including  the  various  California,  Mormon, 
and  other  issues. 

For  information  on  the  American  series,  you  can  not  find  any 
work  so  complete  as  Dr.  Dickeson's  American  Numismatical 
Manual,  published  by  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.,  Philadelphia, 
which,  although  far  from  complete,  is  a  valuable  work,  the  result 
of  much  care  and  study,  and  will  prove  a  great  aid  to  the  col- 
lector. 

For  store  cards  and  tokens  you  will  be  obliged  to  depend  on 
the  ordinary  sale  catalogues,  which  it  is  well  to  keep  your- 
self supplied  with,  and  if  you  caii  not  attend  a  sale  and  mark 
the  prices  yourself,  borrow  from  a  friend  a  priced  catalogue 
and  make  a  copy.  These  priced  catalogues  will  form  a  val- 
uable reference  when  you  have  occasion  to  purchase  coins  or 
medals. 

It  would  be  vain  to  attempt  any  farther  directions  on  the  sub- 
ject of  books.  There  have  been  almost  as  many  books  pub- 
lished on  coins  as  there  are  extant  varieties  of  coins.  One 
sale  of  a  numismatic  library  in  England  occupied  nine  consec- 
utive days.  A  catalogue  of  all  the  works  on  coins  would  form 
a  volume  of  over  five  hundred  pages,  printing  only  the  briefest 
titles. 

In  closing  these  hints  we  can  not  do  better  than  direct  the 
attention  of  the  young  collector  again  to  the  folly  of  paying  enor- 
mous prices  for  worthless  coins.  Do  not  be  misled  by  the  idea 
that  a  curious  piece  of  metal  with  an  old  date  is  highly  valuable. 
Do  not  buy  coins  because  they  are  rare,  but  buy  to  complete  your 
series.  Make  your  collections  slowly,  cautiously,  and  enjoy  your 
work  as  you  go  along  with  it. 

The  tables  which  follow  will  prove  of  use  to  the  young  as  well 
as  the  experienced  collector.  On  very  many  ancient  coins  a  few 
letters  are  found,  which  taken  together  form  no  word,  and  are 
exceedingly  puzzling  to  the  inexperienced.  The  Tables  of  Ab- 
ies 


Plate  LXXX. 


ADVICE  TO  COLLECTORS. 

breviations  on  Greek  and  Eoman  Coins  are  the  result  of  many 
years*  study  by  all  the  most  learned  numismatists.  We  have 
taken  them  from  Humphreys,  as  the  latest  and  one  of  the  most 
careful  compilers.  With  the  aid  of  these  many  coins  can  be  at 
once  located,  over  which,  without  them,  much  unavailing  time 
might  be  spent. 

170 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  GREEK  COINS. 


TEANSLATED  AND  EXPLAINED. 


A Athens,  Argos,  Aulus, 

Asylum.  (The  letter 
A  sometimes  stands 
for  First,  as,  E0£(Ttwv 
A.  A(Tiac— "Of  the 
Ephesians,  the  first 
people  of  Asia.") 
Abbassus,  Abdera, 
Abydus  on  the  Hel- 
lespont. Ambracia, 
Arcadia,  or  Aegi- 
num.     Atna. 

A Abydus  in  Egypt 

ABAK Abacaenum. 

ABY Abydus  on  the  Helles- 
pont. 

AA Addada. 

A0,  AGE Athens. 

AOPIB Athribites. 

AI,  Air Aegina. 

Airosno Aegospotamus. 

AIA Aelius,  Aelia  Capito- 

lina. 

AIN Aenos. 

AITQ Aetolia, 

AK,  AKPAFAN  .  .  Agrigentum. 

AKAN Acanthus. 

AKI Acilium, 

AKT Actium. 

AAE,  AAESAN  .  .  Alexandria. 

AAES*  TOY-  N-,  .  Alexander,  son  of  Ne- 
optolemus. 

AAY Alysia,  Alvona. 

AM Amyntas,  Amphipolis, 

Amorgus. 

AMBP Ambracia. 

AM$I Amphilochia* 

AN Ancyra. 

ANA Anactoria. 

ANAEP Andegaei. 


ANe.  {AvQviraTop) 

ANOH 

ANT,  ANTI  .  .  .  . 
ANT 


ANTAIO  .  . 
ANTin  .  .  . 
ANTI2    .  .  . 

ANQ 

A'iS,     

AON 

An 

AHA 

Ano 

AHOA  .... 
AHT.,  AHTA 

AP 

APr 

APrE  .... 

API 

APIM  .  .  .  . 
API2    .  .  .  . 


APK 

APKA 

AP2I 

APY 

APX 

APX.     (^ApxtBp£vg 

or  Apxov) .  .  .  . 
A.  S.    (IlporotSu- 

piae) 

A2 


A2I    .  . 
ASIAPX 


Proconsul 

Anthedon. 

Antium. 

Antoninus,  or  Anti- 
och. 

Antiopolis. 

Antipolis. 

Antissa. 

Anolis. 

Axia  and  Axus. 

Aonitae. 

Appius. 

Apamea. 

Apollonia. 

ApoUonopolis. 

Aptara. 

Aradus,  Harma. 

Argos. 

Argennos. 

Aricanda. 

Ariminum. 

Arisbas  (King  of  Epi- 
rus). 

Arconensus. 

Arcadia. 

Arsinoe. 

Aryca. 

Arxata. 

High-priest  or  magis- 
trate. 

First  of  Syria. 
Ascalon,        Assylum, 

Axus  in  Crete. 
Asinium. 


A2K 
AT  . 


Asiarchae. 

of    the 

Asia> 
Ascalon. 
Atabyrium. 


Presidents 
games    of 


172 


Plate  LXXXII. 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  GREEK  COINS. 


ATAP Atarnae. 

AY.,AYT.    (Auro- 

Kparop) Emperor. 

AYr Augustus. 

AYA Audoleon. 

AYE Avenio. 

AYPHA Aurelius. 

AYTON.  (Aurovo-  Enjoying    their    own 

fioi.) laws. 

AYTQ Automale. 

A4> Aphrodisias. 

A<I>I Aphyta. 

A$P Africanus. 

AX Achaia,         Acheens, 

Achaii. 
AXI Acilium. 

B.    (BovXijg)  .  .  .  Council,  Berytus,  By- 

thinia. 

BA Battus. 

BAP Bare,  Bargoda. 

BAPHAAO    ....  Bagadaonia. 

BH Berytus. 

BIAT Biatci    (an    unknown 

king). 

BIZY Bysia. 

BITON Bitontum. 

BO,  BOI Boeotia. 

BPYN .Brundusium, 

BY,  BY2A2  ....  Byzantium. 
BYT Buthrotum. 

r Gains  (for  Caius). 

r.,  PP.,  PPAM   .  .  Grammaticus  (or 

Keeper  of  the  Rec- 
ords). 

F.     (Tviapfiov.)  .  .  Illustrious. 

FA Gallus,    Galerius,    or 

Gallienus. 

FAM Gambrum. 

FAP Gargara. 

TEA Gelas. 

PEP Germanicus. 

FN Gneius. 

FOPTY Gortyna. 

FPA Gravisca. 

FPY Grumentum. 

A Decimus,  Dymae. 

AA Daorii. 

AAK Dacicus. 

AAM Damascus. 

AAP Dardanum. 

AE Deceha, 

AEK Decius. 

AEP Derbe,  in  Lycaonia. 

AH.    (Ai;/*oe).  .  .The  People. 
AH Delos. 


AHMAPX-ESOYi:  With         Tribunician 
Power. 

AI Diospolis. 

AIO Diotus. 

AIOKAI Diocaesarea. 

AI02 Diospolis. 

APE Drepanum. 

AYP Dyrrachium. 


E 

E.,  EPE2 
EIP   .  .  . 


EA 

EAEY 

EAEYe.    (EXevQe 

poi) 

EN 


En.,  Eni 

EPI  .  .  . 
EPMO  .  . 
EPY  .  .  . 
EPX  .  .  . 
E2  .  .  .  . 


ET 

ET„ETO.    (Erovg) 
EY.,  EYBO   .  .  .  . 

EYA 

EY2.     (Evffe^rjQ) . 
EYT.     (EvTvxm)  ■ 

E*.,  E<I>E 

EX.     (Exouata.)    . 


Eryce. 
Eresus. 
Eresus,  Erythr9,e,  Er- 

etna. 
Elea,  Elatea 
Eleusis. 

Free. 

Enna,  Enthema,  En- 

tella,  Encheli. 
Epidaurus. 
Eriza  in  Caria, 
Hermopolis. 
Erythia. 
Erchia. 
Eppindus. 

Etenna  in  Pamphylia, 
A  year. 
Euboea, 
Eva. 
Pious. 
Happy. 
Ephcsus. 
Power. 


Za Zacynthus  (then  Sala- 

mis,  now  Zanthus). 

ZANKA Zancle  (afterward  Mes- 

sana). 

H Elium. 

HAAP Hadrumentum. 

HAT Atua 

HP.     (Hyefiovog) .  President. 

HAIOn Heliopolis. 

HP Heracleia. 

HPAK Heracleiopolis. 

H*AI Ephaestia. 

Oa Thasus, 

OE Thespiae. 

eE.,  GHB Thebae. 

eE2 Thessalonica. 

eP Thera. 

eY Thurium. 

I lasus. 

I.,  lEP.     (Upag)  .  Sacred. 
lEPAIIY Hierapythia. 


174 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  GREEK  COINS. 


IGA  . 
IKAP 
lA  .  . 
lAI  . 
JOY  . 

IOTA 
IHA  . 
IP  .  . 
IFF  , 
12  .  , 
I2IN. 
I^Y  . 

K  .. 


K.     (KovivTog)  .  . 

K.     KAI2 

K.K.    {KoivovKi- 

XiKiao) 

KA 

KAIA 

KAA 

KAAAI    

KAMA 

KAN 

KAH 

KAnn 

KAP,  KAPP    .  .  . 

KAPT 

KANW 

KA2T 

KAY.,  KAYA  .  .  . 

KE 

KE 

KEA 

KEF 

KE^,  KE$AA .  .  . 

KI 

Kie 

KIA 

KI2 

KA 

KAA 

KAAYAIO 

KNQ 

KNI 

KO 

KO,  KOP 

KOIN.      (Koivov.) 
KOA.     iKoXoviag) 

KOM 

KOP 


Ithaca. 

Hiccara,  Icarius. 
nisium. 
TllinTn, 

Julius  (meaning  a 
city),  or  Julius  (a 
man's  name). 

Julia. 

Hippana. 

Irene. 

Irrhesia. 

Isus,  Istiaea. 

Isindus. 

Ipsus. 

Caristus,  Gyrene,  Cy- 
zicus,  Callatea,  Cor- 
cyra,  Caius  (a  man's 
name). 

Quintus. 

Caesar. 

Community  of  Cilicia. 
Carystus,  Catana, 

Chalcis. 
Caelius. 
Chalcedon. 
Calliopolis. 
Camara. 
Canata. 
Capua. 
Cappadocia. 
Carrhae. 
Carthage. 
Canopus. 
Castulo. 
Caulonia, 
Ceos. 
Cenchrae,  Cephalenia, 

Cephalonia, 
Celenderis. 
Chersonesus. 
Cephalaedis. 
Ciamus,  Cibaeum. 
Cithaeron. 
Cilbrani. 
Cistena. 

Cleonae,  Claudius. 
Clazomene. 
Claudiopolis. 
Cnopus. 
Cnidus. 

Colophon,  Corcyra. 
Corinth. 
A  community. 
Colony,  Colophon. 
Commodus. 
Corcyra. 


KF Cragus  in  Lycia. 

KFA Cranos. 

KPH Crete. 

KFO Crotona. 

KTH Ctemenae. 

KY Cydna,  Cuma,  Cyme, 

Cyrene,  Cyzicus, 
Cytholus,  Cydoni- 
um,  Cyon. 

KYAQ Cydon. 

KYO Cythnus. 

KYn Cyprus. 

KYP Cyrene. 

A A  year,  Lucius,  Locris, 

Leucas. 
AA Lacedaemon,  Lampsa- 

cus,  Larymna,  La- 

rissa. 


AAAA 

AAM Lamea,  Lampsacus. 

AAMII Lampsacus. 

AAP Larissa. 

AAPI Larinum. 

AE.,  AEY  .....  Leucas. 

AEB Lebinus. 

AEON Leontium. 

AHM Lemnos. 

AIII Lipara. 

AIYI Liviopolis. 

AO.,  AQK Locri. 

AOr Longone. 

AY Lystus. 

AYR,  AYK  ....  Lyctus. 
AY2I Lysmachia. 

M Marcus      (a      man's 

name),  Melos,  Ma- 
ronea,  Malea,  Me- 
galopolis, Mazaka. 

M.,  MHTPO ....  Metropolis. 

MA Magnesia,  Massyritus, 

Maronea,  Massilia, 
Macedonia. 

MAP Magnesia. 

MAGY Mathyma. 

MAKPO Macrocephali. 

MAA Mallus. 

MAM Mamertini. 

MAN Mantinea. 

MA2 Mazara. 

MA22 Massilia. 

ME Menelais,    on    Syrian 

regal  coins. 

ME Messina,  Metapontum, 

Melite. 

ME.,  MEP Megara,    Megalopolis, 

Megarsus. 


176 


Plate  LXXXIV. 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  GREEK  COINS. 


MEr.     (MfyoXoe) 

MENA 

MENE 

MENEK 

ME2 

META 

MI 

MIN 

MK.,  MASAK  .  .  . 


MOP. 
MT  . 
MYKO 
MYA. 
MTNT 
MTP.  . 
MYTI  , 


Great. 

Mendes. 

Menelaus. 

Menecrates. 

Messana,  Messenia. 

Metapontum. 

Miletus. 

Minde. 

Mazaka,  of  Cappado- 
cia,  on  coins  of  Mith- 
ridates  VI. 

Morgantia. 

Mycenae. 

Mycone. 

Mylasa. 

Minya. 

Myrlea. 

Mytilene. 

N.,  NAY Naupactos. 

N.     NEQK    ....  Neocori. 

NA Naxos,  Nape. 

NAriA Nagidus. 

NAS Naxos. 

NAYAPX.     (Naw- 

apxidoi) Enjoying  a  sea-port. 

NE Nemea. 

NEAN Neandria. 

NEOn Neopolis. 

NEP Nerva. 

NIK Nicaeum,  Nicomedia, 

NY Nisyrus. 

NY2 Nysaei,   on    coins    of 

Scythopolis. 

tS Xanthus,  Xatynthus. 

O Opuntium. 

01 Oethaei. 

OABIO Olbiopolis. 

OAY Olympus. 

ON.     (Ovtoq)  .  .  .  being. 

OUEA Opelius. 

on Opus. 

OPY Orycus. 

OPX Orchomenus. 

OYHorYn.    (Ou- 

■KaroQ  or  YTra- 

Tog) Consul. 

0*PY Ophrynium. 

n Pitane,Pantecapaeum, 

Panormus. 
n.   (Ilapa,  IIpoc)  .  upon. 

U.,  IT  A Paphos,  or  Paros. 

n.,  HAN Pantecapaeum. 

n.,  IIH Pelusium. 

n.,  nOHA Publius. 


n.,nPY.  (Upvra- 
voq) ■ .  . 

n.,  npQT.   (H/oo- 

roQ) 

HA 

HAIS 

HAIQ 

HAN 

HAP 

HAPe 

nAPI 

HE 

HE 

HEA 

HEP 

HEPr 

HEPT 

nE2K 

ni 

niN 

niNA 

HAA 

no 

nOAY 

1102.  n02EI  ,   .  . 

np.,npE2,(n;otff- 

/3£oe) 

np,  npo 

nPAi 

npA2 ....... 

npo 

nP02Q  

nPOAI.(n|0o^tKrog) 

nT 

nY 

nY 

IIYA 

nYGO 

nYP 


Praefect. 

First. 

Pales,  Patrae. 

Paestum. 

Paeonia. 

Panormus. 

Paropinum,  Paros. 

Parthicus. 

Paros. 

Pelinna. 

Perinthus. 

Pella. 

Pergus. 

Pergamus. 

Pertinax. 

Pescennius. 

Piasdarus. 

Pinamytae. 

Pinamus. 

Plateae. 

Pontus. 

Polyrrhenum. 

Posidonia. 


P.. 
PAY 
PH. 
PO. 
PY  . 


S.     2A 


2A 


2Ar  .  . 

2AAAn 
2AP  .  . 
2E  .  .  . 


2EB.     (^ZtfiaoTOQ) 
2EA 


Pronos. 

Praesus. 

Prassus. 

Proconnesus. 

Prosopis. 

Curator. 

Ptolemais. 

Pylos. 

Pythopolis. 

Pylos. 

Pithopolis. 

Pyrnus. 

Rythymna. 

Raucus. 

Rhegium. 

Rhodes. 

Rypae. 

Salamis,  Samos,  SjTia, 
Sacile,  Sala,  Seges- 
ta,  Syracuse,  Sycion. 

Salamis,  Salgania,  Sa- 
mosate,  Sacili,  Same. 

Saguntum. 

Salapia. 

Sardis. 

Seriphus,  Segeste,  Sel- 
gi,  Seleucia. 

Augustus. 

Selmus,  Seleucia. 


178 


s. 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  GREEK  COINS. 


2EnT 

SEP,  SEPI   .  .  .  . 

2E*I 

21 

2IA 

2IKI 

2IN.,  2INQ  .  .  .  . 

2K 

2MY 

20 

2TP.,  2TPA. 

(JSTparriyog).  .  . 

2TY 

2Y 

2r.,  2YPA  .  .  .  . 

2YB 

2YP .  . 

20 


Septimus. 

Seriphus. 

Sephyrium. 

Siphnos. 

Side. 

Sicinus,  Sycion. 

Sinope. 

Scepsis. 

Smyrna. 

Soli. 

Praetor. 

Styria. 

Sicily. 

Syracusa 

Sybaris. 

Syria, 

Solae. 


T Tarentun,         Tarsus, 

Teos,  Titus. 

TA Terantum,  Tabae. 

TA.,  TANA   ....  Tanagra. 

TABAA Tabala. 

TAP Tarentum,  Tarsus. 

TATP  . Tauromenum. 

TE Tementis,  Tegea,  Te- 

nedos,  Terina. 

TEP Terina. 

TH Teos,Terpillus,Tenus. 

TI.,  TIB Tiberius. 

TO Tolistobegi 

TPA Trallis. 

TPI Tripolis. 

TPIA Triadissa. 


TPO Triozene. 

TT Tyndaris. 

TV  AN Tyana. 

TTP Tyre  (monogram). 

Y,  TE.,  YEA  .  .  .  VeUa. 
Yn.,  YHAT  (YTra- 

rog) Consul 

YP Uria. 

^ Philip,  Phoestus,  Phi- 

luntium,  Phocis, 
Phocaea,  Phocians. 

*A Phaselis,        Phaestus, 

Pharos,  Phanagoria, 
Pharae. 

4>AI Phaestus. 

«I>AA Phalanna. 

*AP Pharsalus. 

*APBAI Pharbaeshites. 

*I Vibius,   Philippopohs, 

Philadelphia. 

$INE Phineium. 

*A Flavins. 

$0 Phocis. 

$0K Phocaeum. 

*OYA Fulvia. 

*Y Phycus  in  Cyrene. 

*Q Phocis. 

X Chios. 

XAA Chalcis. 

XEP Chersonesus. 

XI Chytri  m  Crete. 


180 


Plate  LXXXVI. 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

WITH  THEIR  EXPLANATION. 


A.    Aolus,  or  annus. 

A.  A.     Anni,  or  annos. 

A. A.  A. A. A.    Augusti. 

Aa.a.f.f.     Auro,  argento,  aere  flando  feriundo. 

Abn.     Abnepos. 

Acci.     Accitana. 

Acci.L.iii.     Accitana  legio  iii. 

Act.    Actiacus,  actia,  or  actium. 

A.  ACT.  A.     Actiacus  apollo. 

Aad.  frv.  emv.    Ad  fruges  emundus. 

Aadi.     Adjutrix. 

Adlocvt.  AUG.     Adlocutio  augusti. 

Adlocvt.  coh.  PB-aiTOR.    Adlocutio  cohortium  prsetorianorum. 

Advent,  aug.  iud.  or  mav.  or  acha.  or  afric.  or  asi.  or  sic.  or  gal.  or  hisp.     Ad- 

ventus  augusti  judeae,  or  mauritaniae,  or  achaiae,  or  africae,  or  asiae,  or  siciiliae, 

or  galliae,  or  hispaniae. 
Aed.  cvb.     Aedilis  curulis. 

Aed.  divi.  avg.  best.    Aedes  divi  augusti  restitutae. 
Aed.  p.     Aedilitia  potestas. 
Aed.  PL.     Aedilitia  plebis. 
Aed.  s.     Aedes  sacrae,  or  aedibus  sacris. 
Aem.     Aemilius,  or  aemilia. 
^QViT.  AVG.     JEquitas  augusti. 
Aet.     Aetemitas. 
A.  F.     Auli  filius. 
A.  N.    Auli  nepos. 
Agrip.  f.     Agrippae  filius. 
Agrippa  m.  f.  ma.  c.  c-esaeis.  avgtsti.     Agrippa  marci  filia  mater  caii  caesavis 

augusti. 
Ale.     Alexandria. 
Alim.  ital.     Alimenta  italiae. 
Alvit.     Alvitius. 
Anic.     Anicius. 

A.  M.  B.     Antiochiae  moneta  officina  secunda.     Money  of  Antioch  b. 
An.  b.  or  ant.  b.    Antiochiae  oflScina  secunda. 
A.  N.  F.  F.     Annum  novum  felicem  faustum. 
Ann.  dccc.  lxxii.  nat.  vrb.  p.  cir.  con.     Anno  dccclxxii.  natali  urbis  populo 

circenses  constitute 
Annona.  avg.     Annona  augusti. 
Ant.  p.    Antiochiae  percussa.  i 

Ant.  8.     Antiochiae  signata, 

182 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

A.  p.  F.     Auro  populo  feriundo  or  argento  populo  feriundo. 

A.  p.  LTG.     Pecunia  lugduni  a. 

Apol.  mon.     Apollo  monetalis. 

Apol.  pal.     Apollo  Palatinus. 

Apol.  salvt.  conservatori.     Apolloni  salutari  conservatori. 

Aq.  o.  b.     Aquiliae  officina  b. 

Aq.  p.  s.    Aquiliae  pecunia  signata. 

Aq.  p.     Aquiliae  percussa. 

Aq.  s.    Aquiliae  signata. 

Aqva.  m.     Aqua  mareia. 

Aqva.  traj.     Aqua  trajana. 

Ar.  or  ARL.     Arelate  or  arlate. 

Ara.  pac.     Ara  pacis. 

Arab,  adqvi.    Arabia  adquisita. 

Armen.  cap.     Armenia  capta. 

Armenia  et  Mesopotamia  potestatem  p.  b.  kedact.    Armenia  et  mesopotamia 

potestatem  populi  romani  redactae. 
Asi.  ASIA.    Asia. 

A.  sisc.     A.  sisciae. 
AsT.     Astigitana. 

AvG.     Augur  or  augustus,  or  augusta,  or  augustalis. 

AvG.  D.  p.     Augustus  divi  filius. 

AVGG.  or  AVGGG.     Augusti. 

AvR.  piA.  siDON.  coLONiA.    Aurelia  pia  sidonis  colonia. 

B. 

B.  Berythus  or  bono,  or  braecara  or  officina  secunda.        , 
B.  A.     Braecara  augustalis. 

Bon.  event.     Bonus  eventus,  or  bono  eventui. 

Brit.     Britannicus  or  britannia. 

B.  B.  p.  N.     Bono  republico  nato. 

Brvn.    Brundusium. 

B.  siRM.     B.  sirmii. 

B.  s.  LG.  B.     (Officina  secunda)  signata  lugdunum. 

B.  T.     Beata  tranquillitas. 

BvTHR.    Buthrotum. 


C.    Cains  or  caesar. 

C.    Carthago,  or  censor,  or  centum,  or  cives,  or  clypeus,  or  cohors,  or  colonia,  or 
consultum,  or  cornelius. 

C.  A.  A.  p.     Colonia  augusta  aroe  patrensis,  or  colonia  a.  augusta  patrensis,  or  co- 
lonia agrippina. 

Cabe.     Cabellio. 

C.  A.  BVT.     Colonia  augusta  buthrotum. 

C.  A.  c.     Colonia  augusta  caesarea. 

C.  A.  E.     Colonia  augusta  emerita. 

C.  A.  E.  AVG.  PATER.    Colouia  augusta  emerita  augustus  pater. 

Caes.    Caesarea  or  caesar. 

Caess.  or  CAE888.     Cacsarcs. 

Caesar,  avg.  f.  des.  imp.  avg.  cos.  ite.    Caesar  augusti  filius  designatus  impera- 
tor  augustus  consul  iterum. 

.  Caesar,  divi.  f.    Caesar  divi  filius.    Caesar,  son  of  the  Grod. 

Caesar,  pont.  max.    Caesar  pontifex  maximus. 

C.A.I,  or  c.i.A.     Colonia  augusta  julia. 

Cal.    Calaguris,  or  calidius,  or  calidia. 

184 


OP  THE     "^^   A 

UNIVERSITY  ^^ 

OF 


Plate  LXXXVUI. 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

C.  A.  o.  A.  F.     Colonia  augusta  oca  antoniniana  felix. 

C.A.  PI.  MET.  SID.     Colonia  aurelia  pia  metropolis  sidon. 

C.  A.  R.     Colonia  augusta  rauracorum  or  colonia  augusta  regia. 

C.  c.     Hundreds. 

C.  c.  A.     Colonia  caesarea  augusta. 

C.  CAESAR.  AVG.  PRON.  AVG.  P.  M.  TR.  P.  iiii.  P.  P.     Caius  cacsar  augusti  pronej)os 

augustus  pontifex  maximus  tribunitia  potestate  iiii.  pater  patriae. 
C.  c.  COL.  LVG.     Claudia  copia  colonia  lugdunum. 
C.  c.  I.  B.     Colonia  campestris  julia  babba. 

C.  c.  I.  B.  D.  D.     Colonia  campestris  julia  babba  decreto  decurionum. 
C.  c.  I.  H.  p.  A.     Colonia  concordia  julia  hadrumetina  pia  augusta. 
C.  CIV.  D.  D.  p.     Corona  civica  data  decreto  publico. 
C.  c.  N.  A.     Colonia  carthago  nova  augusta. 

C.  c.  N.  c.  D.  D.     Colonia  concordia  norba  caesarea  decreto  decurionum. 
C.  R.     Centissima  remissa,  or  circenses  restituti. 
C.  c.  s.     Colonia  claudia  salaria. 
C.  cvp.     Caius  cupiennius. 
Cen.     Censor. 

Cens.  per.     Censor  perpetuus,  or  censoris  permissu. 

Cer.  sacr.  per.  oecvme.  isela.    Certamina  sacra  periodica  oecumenica  iselastica. 
Cert.  qvin.  rom.  con.     Certamina  quinquennalia  romae  constituta. 
0.  E.  s.     Cum  exercitu  suo. 
Cest.     Cestius,  or  cestia. 
C.  F.     Caius  fabius. 
C.  F.     Caii  filius. 
C.  N.    Caii  nepos. 

C.  F.  p.  D.    Colonia  flavia  pacensis  develtum. 
C.  G.  I.  H.  p.  A.     Colonia  gemella  julia  hadriana  pariana  augusta. 
C.  I.  c.  A.     Colonia  julia  concordia  apamaea,  or  colonia  julia  carthago  antiqua. 
C.  I.  c.  A.  GENio.  p.  R.  D.  D.     Colouia  julia  concordia  augusta  gcnio  populi  rom.ini 

decreto  decurionum. 
C.  I.  A.  D.    Colonia  julia  augusta  dertona. 
C.  I.  AVG.  F.  SIN.     Colonia  julia  augusta  felix  sinope. 
C.  I.  B.     Colonia  julia  balba. 
C.  I.  c.  A.  p.  A.     Colonia  julia  carthago  augusta  pia  antiqua  or  colonia  julia  coriu- 

thus  augusta  pia  antoniniana. 
C.  I.  CAES.     Caius  Julius  caesar. 
C.  I.  CAL.     Colonia  julia  calpe. 
C.  I.  F.     Colonia  julia  felix. 
C.  I.  G.  A.     Colonia  julia  gemella  augusta. 
C.  I.  I.  A.     Colonia  immunis  illice  augusta. 
C.  I.  iL.  A.  Q.  PAPiR.  CAR.  Q.  TER.  MONT.  II.  viR.     Colonia  immunis  illice  augusta 

quinto  papirio  carbone  quinto  terentio  montano  ii.  viris  quinquennalibus. 
C.  I.  N.  c.     Colonia  julia  norba  caesariana. 
C.  I.  N.  c.     Colonia  julia  nova  carthago. 
CiR.  CON.     Circenses  constituti,  or  circenses  consessit. 
C.  I.  V.     Colonia  julia  valentia. 
Cl.     Claudius,  or  claudia,  or  clypeus. 
Class,  pr.    Classis  praefectus  or  classis  praetoriana. 
C.  L.  AVG.  F.     Caius  lucius  augusti  filius. 
C.  L.  CAESS.     Caius  et  lucius  caesares. 
C.  L.  I.  COR.     Colonia  laus  julia  corinthus. 
Cl.  v.     Clypeus  votivus. 
C.  M.  L.     Colonia  metropolis  laodicea. 
Cn.  atel.  flac.  cn.  pomp.  flac.  II.  vTRis.  Q.  V.  I.  N.  c.     Cnaso  atellio  flacco  cnaeo 

pompeio  flacco  ii.  viris  quinquennalibus  victricis  juliae  novae  carthaginis. 
Cn.  dom.  amp.     Cnaeius  domitius  ampins. 
Cn.  dom.  pkocos.    Cnaeo  domitio  proconsute. 

180 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

Cn.  p.    Cnaei  filkis. 

Cn.  mag.  imp.     Cnaeus  magnus  imperator. 

Co.  DAM.  METEO.     Colonia  damascus  metropolis. 

CoHH.  PRiET.  VII.  p.  VI.  F.    Cohortcs  praetorianae  vii.  piae  vi.  fideles. 

CoH.  I.  CR.     Cohortis  i.  cretensis. 

CoH.  PR-S3.  PHIL.     Cohors  praetoriana  philippensium. 

Co.  AK.  CAP.     Colonia  aelia  capitolina. 

Col.  ael.  a.  h.  met.     Colonia  aelia  augusta  hadrumetina. 

CoL.  ael.  cap.  comm.  P.  F.     Colonia  aelia  capitolina  commodiana  pia  felix. 

Col.  ALEX.  TROAS.    Colonia  alexandriana  troas. 

Col.  amas.  or  ams.     Colonia  amastrianorum.  or  colonia  amstrianorum. 

Col.  ant.  or  anti.    Colonia  antiochia. 

Col.  arelat.  sextan.     Colonia  arelate  sextanorum. 

Col.  AST.  AVG.    Colonia  astigitana  augusta. 

Col.  AVG.  FEL.  BER.     Colouia  augusta  felix  berithus. 

Col.  AVG.  fir.    Colonia  augusta  firma. 

Col.  AVG.  iVL.  philip.     Colonia  augusta  julia  philippensis. 

Col.  AVG.  PAT.  TREviR.     Colonia  augusta  patema  trevirorum. 

Col.  AVG.  TROA.  vel  troad.     Colonia  augusta  troadensis. 

Col.  avgvsta.  emerita.     Colonia  augusta  emerita. 

Col.  avr.  antoni.  avg.  troa.    Colonia  aurelia  antoniniana  augusta  troadensis. 

Col.  avr.  kar.  comm.  p.  f.     Colonia  aurelia  karrhse  commodiana  pia  felix. 

Col.  avr.  pia.  sidon.     Colonia  aurelia  pia  sidon. 

Col.  avr.  p.  m.  sidon.     Colonia  aurelia  pia  metropolis  sidon. 

Col.  b.  a.     Colonia  braccara  augusta. 

Col.  berit.  l.  v.  vel  viii.    Colonia  berithus  legio  v.  or  viii. 

Col.  cabe.    Colonia  cabellio. 

Col.  caes.  antioch.     Colonia  caesarea  antiochia. 

Col.  ces.  avg.     Colonia  caesarea  augusta. 

Col.  camalodvnvm.     Colonia  caraalodunum. 

Col.  casilin.    Colonia  casilinum. 

Col.  cl.  ptol.    Colonia  claudia  ptolomais. 

Col.  damas.  metro.    Colonia  damascus  metropolis. 

Col.  f.  j.  a.  p.  barcin.     Colonia  flavia  julia  augusta  pia  barcino. 

Col.  flav.  avg.  cor.     Colonia  flavia  augusta  corinthus. 

Col.  fl.  pac.  devlt.    Colonia  flavia  pacensis  deultum. 

Col.  h.     Colonia  heliopolis. 

Col.  ha.  mer.    Colonia  hadriana  mercuri. 

Col.  hel.  i.  o.  m.  h.    Colonia  heliopolis  jovi  optimo  maximo  heliopolitana. 

Col.  IVL.  AVG.  c.  i.  p.  coman.    Colonia  julia  augusta  claudia  invicta  felix  coma- 
norum. 

Col.  IVL.  AVG.  fel.  bee.    Colonia  julia  augusta  felix  berythus. 

CoL.  rvL.  AVG.  pel.  cremna.     Colonia  julia  augusta  felix  cremna. 

Col.  IVL.  CER.  sac.  avg.  pel.  cap.  oecvm.  ise.  hel.     Colonia  julia  certamen  sa- 
crum augustum  felix  capitolinum  oecumenicum  iselasticum  heliopolitanum. 

Col.  IVL.  conc.  apam.  avg.  d.  d.     Coloni  julia  concordia  apamea  augusto  decreto 
decurionum. 

Col.  IVL.  LAV.  cor.     Colonia  julia  laus  corinthus. 

Col.  IVL.  PATER.  NAR.     Colonia  julia  paterna  narbonensis. 

Col.  ant.  com.     Coloniae  antoninianae  commodianae. 

Col.  nem.    Colonia  nemausus,  or  nemausensium. 

Col.  niceph.  cond.     Colonia  nicephorium  condita. 

Col.  patr.     Colonia  patrensis,  or  patricia. 

Col.  p.  p.  avg.  p.  caes.  met.    Colonia  prima  flavia  augusta  felix  caesarea  metro- 
polis. 

Col.  p.  PL.  AVG.  caes.  metrop.  p.  s.  p.     Colonia  prima  flavia  augusta  caesarea  me- 
tropolis provincae  syriae  palestina. 

CoL.  PR.  p.  A.  CAESAR.    Colonia  prima  flavia  augusta  caesarea. 

188 


Plate  XC. 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

Col.  b.  f.  avg.  fl.  c.  metrop.    Colonia  romana  felix  augusta  flavia  caesarea  me- 

tropolis. 
Col.  kom.    Colonia  romulensis. 
Col.  ROM.  LVGD.     Colonia  romanorum  lugdunum. 
CoL.  BV8.  LEG.  VI.     Colonia  ruseino  legio  vi. 
CoL.  SABAR.     Colonia  sabariae. 
Col.  8EBA8.    Colonia  sebastiae. 
Col.  ser.  g.  neapol.    Colonia  servia  galba  neapolis. 
CoL.  TYB.  METB.     Colonia  tyrus  metropolis. 
Col.  v.  I.  CELSA.     Colonia  victrix  julia  celsa. 
Col.  VIC.  ivl.  lep.     Colonia  victrix  julia  leptis. 
Col.  vim.  an.  i.     Colonia  viminacium  anno  i. 
CoL.  VLP.  TRA.     Colonia  ulpia  trajana. 
Com.  asi.  rom.  et.  avg.     Commune  asiae  romae  et  augusto. 
Com.  imp.  avg.     Comes  imperatoris  augusti. 
CoMM.     Commodus,  or  commodiana. 
Co.  M.  o.  B.  vel.  Co.  M.  OB.    Constantinopoli  moneta  oflScina  b.  or  constantinopoli 

moneta  obsignata. 
Con.  vel  cons,  vel  const.     Constantinople. 
Con.  avg.  viii.    Congiarium  augusti  viii. 
CoNC.    Concordia. 
CoNC.  APAM.     Concordia  apameae. 
Cong.  dat.  pop.     Congiarium  datum  populo. 

CoNGiAR.  primum.  P.  R.  D.     Cougiarium  primum  populo  romano  datum. 
Cong.  p.  r.  vel  Cong.  pr.     Congiarium  populo  romano,  or  congiarium  primum. 
Cong.  ter.  p.  r.  imp.  max.  dat.    Congiarium  tertium  populo  romano  imi>ensis 

maximis  datum. 
Con.  m.     Constantinopolis  moneta. 
Con.  o.  b.     Constantinopoli  officina  b. 
Con.  ob.     Constantinopoli  obsignata. 
Consensu,  senat.  et.  eq.  oedinis.  p.  q.  r.    Consensu  senatus  et  equestris  ordiuis 

populi  que  romani. 
Cons.  o.  a.     Constantinopoli  officina  a. 
Cons.  p.  a.    Constantinopoli  percussa  a. 
Cons.  suo.     Conservator!  suo. 
Coopt.    Cooptatus. 
Coopt.  in.  omn.  conl.  svpra.  nvm.  ex.  s.  c.    Cooptatus  in  omne  conl  egium  supra 

numerum  ex  senatus  consulto. 
Co.  p.  F.  CAE.  METRO.    Colouia  prima  flavia  caesarea  metropolis. 
C.  o.  p.  I.  A.     Colonia  octavianorum  pacensis  julia  augusta. 
Co.  R.  N.  b.     Constantinopoli  romae  novae  b. 
Cos.  ITER.  ET.  TER.  DESIGN.    Consul  iter  um  et  tertium  designatus. 
Coss.    Consules. 
Cos.  VI.     Consul  vi. 
C.  p.  FL.  AVG.  F.  G.  CAES.  METRO.  P.  s.  P.    Colouia  prima  flavia  augusta  felix  ger- 

manica  caesarea,  metropolis  provincia  syriae,  palestina. 
C.  R.     Claritas  reipublicae. 
Cras.     Crassus. 

C.  R.  I.  F.  s.    Colonia  romana  julia  felix  sinope. 
Crispina.  avg.  commodi.     Crispina  augusta  commodi  augusti. 
C.  SACR.  FAC.     Censor  sacris  facundis. 
C.  T.  T.     Colonia  togata  taraco. 
C.  V.     Clypeus  votivus. 

C.  VAL.  HOST.  M.  QviNTUS.     Caius  hostilianus  messius  quintus. 
C.  VET.  LANG.     Caius  vettio  languido. 
C.  VI.  iL.     Colonia  victrix  illice. 
C.  Q.  p.  p.     Consul  quintum  pater  patriae. 
CvB.  X.  F.     Curator  x.  flandorum. 

190 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

C.  V.  T.    Colonia  victrix  taraco. 

C.  V.  T.  T.  iETEKNiT.  AVG.    Colonia  victrfx  togata  taraco  seternitati  augustae. 


D. 

D.  A.     Divus  augustus. 

Dac.     Dacia,  dacicus. 

Dac.  cap.     Dacia  capta. 

Dacia  avg.  provincia.     Dacia  augusti  provincia. 

Dama.     Damascus. 

D.  c.  A.     Divus  caesar  augustus. 

D.  c.  c.  N.  c.     Decuriones  coloniae  concordiae  norbae  caesarianae. 

D.  CL.  SEPT.  ALBiN.  CAES.     Dccimus  clodius  Septimus  albinus  caesar. 

D.  c.  s.     De  consulum  sententia. 

D.  D.  N.  N.     Domini  nostri  or  dominorum  nostrorum. 

Debellator.  gent,  barbar.     Debellatori  gentium  barbarorum. 

Deci.     Decius  or  decennalia. 

De.  germ.     De  germanis. 

Deo.  n£m.     Deo  nemausus. 

Dert.     Dertosa. 

D.  P.     Decimi  filius. 

D.  N.    Decimi  nepos. 

Diana,  perg.     Diana  pergensis. 

DiCT.  per.     Dictator  perpetuus. 

Dii.  PAT.     Dii  patrii. 

Diis.  cvsT,     Diis  custodibus. 

Diis.  genit.     Diis  genitalibus. 

D.  I.  M.  8.     Deo  invicto  mithras  sacrum. 

DisciPLiNA,  or  discipvlina  avg.     Disciplina,  or  discipulina  augusta,  or  augusti. 

Divi.  F.     Divi  filius. 

Divo.  AVG.  vesp.     Divi  augustus  vespasiano. 

Divo.  AVG.     Divo  augusto. 

T.  DIVI.  vesp.  p.  vespasiano.     Tito  divi  vespasiani  filio  vespasiano. 

Div.  pio.     Divo  pio. 

Divvs.  TRAiAN.  AVG.  PARTH.  PATER.     Divus  traianus  augustus  parthicus  pater. 

DoM,  or  DoMiT.     Domitius,  or  domitianus. 

DoMiTiA  AVG.  IMP.  CAES.  DIVI.  F.  DOMiTiANi  AUG.  Domitia  augusta  imperatvix 
caesaris  divi,  filii  domitiani  augusti. 

D.  p.     Divus  pius. 

D.  p  p.     Dii  penates. 

Dr.  cms.  q.  PR.     Drusus  caesar  quinquennalis  praefectus. 

Dkvsvs.  c-^sar.  ti.  avg.  divi.  avg.  n.  Drusus  caesar  tiberil  augusti  filius,  divi  au- 
gusti nepos. 

D.  8. 1.  M.     Deo  soli  invicto  mithrae. 


E. 

Egn.  gal.  avg.     Egnatius  gallienus  augustus. 

EiD.  MART.     Eidibus  martii. 

Eq.  coh.     Equestris  cohors. 

Eq.  m.     Equitum  magistri. 

Eq.  ordin.     Equitum  ordinis. 

Etr.     Etruscus. 

EvR.     Europa. 

Ex.  AR.  p.     Ex  argento  puro,  or  probato,  or  publico. 

Ex.  CONS.     Ex  consensu. 

Ex.  D.  d.     Ex  decreto  decurionum. 

192 


Platl  XCII. 


N 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

Ex.  EA.  P.  Q.  I.  s.  AD.  AE.  D.  E.     Ex  ea  pecunia  quae  jussu  senatus  ad  aerarium 

delata  est. 
ExERCiTVS.  VAC.     Exercitus  vacceus. 
ExEBCiTvs.  Y8C.     Exercitus  yscanus. 
ExERC.  PER8.     Exercitus  persicus. 
Ex.  8.  c.     Ex  senatus  consulto. 
Ex.  s.  D.     Ex  senatus  decreto. 

F. 

F.    Fabius,  or  faciundum,  or  fecit,  or  felix,  or  filius,  or  flamen,  or  fortunas. 

Fab.    Fabius. 

Fabri.     Fabricius. 

Fad.     Fadius. 

FiEcvND.    Fsecunditas. 

Fan.     Fannia. 

Fatis  victbi.     Fatis  victricibus. 

Favstina.  avg.  antonini  avg.  pii.  p.  p.    Faustina  augusta  antonini  augusti  pii  pa- 

tris  patriae. 
F.  B.     Felicitas  beata. 

F.  c.    Faciundum  curavit,  or  frumento  convehendus. 
Felicitati  AUG.    Felicitati  augustae,  or  augusti. 
Fel  pro.     Felicitas  provinciarum. 
Fel.  temp.  rep.    Felix  temporum  reparatio. 
Fer.  d.     Feronia  dea. 
FiDEi  LEG.     Fidei  legionum. 
Fides  milit.     Fides  militum. 
Fid.  exerc.     Fides  exercitus. 
Fl.     Flamen,  or  flavins. 
Flam.  d.     Flamen  divi. 
Flam.  dial.     Flamen  dialis. 
Flam.  mart.     Flamen  martialis. 
Fl.  fel.     Flaviae  felicis. 
For.    Fortuna. 

Fort.  p.  r.     Fortuna  or  fortitudo  populi  romani. 
Fort.  prim.     Fortuna  primigenia. 
Fort.  red.    Fortunae  redux,  or  fortunae  reduci. 
FovR.    Fourius. 
Frvg.  AC.    Fruges  acceptae. 

F.  T.  R.    Felix  temporum  reparatio. 
FvL.    Fulvius. 

FvLG.     Fulgurator. 
FvLM.    Fulminator. 

G. 

G.  Galinicus,  or  gaudium,  or  genius,  or  germanus,  or  gnaea. 
Gadit.     Gaditana. 

Gal.     Galindicus,  or  galerius. 

G.  or  GEN.  AVG.     Genio  augusti. 

G.  COR.  svPER.     Gnea  cornelia  supera. 

G.  d.     Germanicus  dacicus. 

Gem.  l.    Gemina  legio. 

Gen.  col.  cor.     Genio  coloniae  corinthiae. 

Gen.  illy.     Genius  illyrici. 

Genio.  col.  ner.  patr.    Genio  coloniae  neronianae  patrensis, 

Genit.  ORB.     Genitrix  orbis. 

Gen.  lvg.    Genio  lugdunensi. 

194 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

Germ,  capta.    Grermania  capta. 

Ger.  p.     Germanica  provincia,  or  germaniae  populos. 

Gl.  e.  r.     Gloria  exercitus  romani. 

Gl.  p.  r.     Gloria  populi  romani. 

Gl.  r.     Gloria  romanorum. 

G.  L.  s.     Genio  loci  sacrum. 

G.  M.  V.    Gemina  minerva  victrix. 

Goth.    Gothicus. 

G.  p.     Graecia  peragrata,  or  graeciae  populus. 

G.  p.  R.     Genio  populi  romani. 

Grac.     Gracchus. 

G.  T.  A.     Genius  tutelaris  aegypti,  or  geminae  tutator  africae. 

H. 

H.     Hastati. 

Hadrianvs  avg.  cos.  III.  p.  P.    Hadrianus  augustus  consul  iii.  pater  patriae. 

Ha.  p.  or  h.  p.     Hastatorum  principum. 

Hel.     Heliopolis. 

Helv.  pert.     Helvius  pertinax. 

Her.    Hercules,  or  Herennius. 

Herac.     Heraclitus. 

Herc.  commod.     Herculi  commodiano. 

Herc.  GADiT.     Herculi  gaditano. 

Herc.  rom.  condit.     Herculi  romano  conditori. 

HiLARiT.  temp.     Hilaritas  temporum. 

Hip.     Hippius. 

Hisp.     Hispalis,  or  hispana,  or  hispalus. 

Ho.    Honor. 

Hs.    A  sign  for  sestertium,  the  Sesterce,  a  piece  of  Roman  money. 


I.    Imperator,  or  jovis,  orjnno,  or  jussu,  or  I,  or  1. 

I.  A.     Imperator  augustus,  or  indulgentia  augusti. 

I.  c.     Imperator  caesar,  or  Julius  caesar. 

Ii.  IMP.  cc.  PHiLippis.  AVGG.     11.  impcratoribus  caesaribus  philippis  augustis. 

In.  viR,  A.  A.  A.  AF.  F.    Trium  viri  auro  argento  aere  flando  feriundo. 

I.  IT.     Imperator  iterum. 

Ii.  VIR.  QviNQ.     Duum-vir  quinquennalis. 

Imp.  caes.  antoninds  avg.  p.p.p.  Imperator  caesar  antoninus  augustus  plus  pater 
patriae. 

Imp.  caes.  avg,  comm.  cons.     Imperator  caesar  augustus  communi  consensu. 

Imp.  caes.  c.  vib.  volvsiano.     Imperator  caesari  caio  vibio  volusiano. 

Imp.  caes.  divi.  traiani.  avg.  f.  traiani.  hadriano.  opt.  avg.  dac.  parthico.  p. 
m.  tr.  p.  cos.  p.  p.  Imperatori  caesari  divi  trajani  augusti  filio  trajani  hadri- 
ano Optimo  augusto  dacico  parthico  pontifici  maximo  tribunitiae  potestate  con- 
suli  patri  patriae. 

Imp.  caes.  divi.  vesp.  f.  domit.  aug.  p.  m.  tr.  p.  p.  p.  Imperator  caesar  divi  ves- 
pasiani  filius  domitianus  augustus  pontifex  maximus  tribunitia  potestate  pater 
patriae. 

Imp.  c^s.  g.  m.  q.    Imperator  caesar  gneus  messius  quintus. 

Imp.  cjes.  l.  avrel.  vervs.  avg.  arm.  part.  Imperator  caesar  lucius  aurelius  verus 
augustus  armeniacus  parthicus. 

Imp.  c^s.  l.  sept.  sev.  pert.  aug.  tr.  p.  cos.  Imperator  caesar  lucius  septimus 
severus  pertinax  augustus  tribunitia  potestate  consul. 

Imp.  cms.  m.  ant.  gordianus.  afr.  avg.  Imperator  caesar  marcus  antoninus  gor- 
dianus  africanus  augustus. 

196 


Plate  XCIV. 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

Imp.  c^s.  m.  opbl.  sev.  mackinvs.  aug.  Imperator  csBsar  marcus  opelius  severus 
macrinus  augustus. 

Imp.  CiES.  nerv^.  traiano.  avg.  ger.  dac.  p.  m.  tr.  p.  cos.  v.  p.  p.  Imperatori 
csesari  nervae  trajano  augusto  germanico  dacico  pontifici  maximo  tribunitia  po- 
testate  consul  v.  pater  patriae. 

biP.  CJE8.  p.  HELV.  PBRTiN.  AVG.  Impcrator  caesar  publius  helvius  pertinax  au- 
gustus. 

Imp.  c.  c.  va.  f.  gal.  vend,  volvsiano.  avg.  Imperator  caesari  caio  valindico 
finnico  galindico  vendendico  volusiano  augusto. 

Imp.  c.  m.  cass.  lat.  post vm vs.  p.  f.  avg.  Imperator  caesar  marcus  cassius  la- 
tienus  postumus  pius  felix  augustus. 

Imp.  c.  m.  traianvs,  decivs.  avg.  Imperator  caesar  marcus  trajanus  decius  au- 
gustus. 

Imp.  c.  p.  lic.  valerianvs.  p.  f.  avg.  Imperator  caius  publius  licinius  valerianus 
pius  felix  augustus. 

Imp.  iter,     Imperator  iterum. 

Imp.  m.  ivl.  phiuppvs  avg.     Imperator  marcus  julius  philippus  augustus. 

Imp.  t.  ael.  antonino.     Imperatori  tito  aelio  antonino. 

Imp.  t.  c^s.  divi.  vesp.  f.  avg.  p.  m.  tr.  pot.  cos.  rest.  Imperator  titus  caesar 
divi  vespasiani  filius  augustus  pontifex  maximus  tribunitia  potestate  consul 
restituit. 

Imp.  VI.     Imperator  vi. 

Indvlgent.  avgg.  in.  carth.     Indulgentia  augustorum  in  carthaginenses. 

Indvlg.  pia.  postvmi.  avg.     Indulgentia  pia  postumi  augusti. 

lo.  CANTAB.     Jovi  cautabrico. 

I.  o.  M.  D.     Jovi  Optimo  maximo  dicatum. 

I.  o.  M.  H.     Jovi  optimo  maximo  heliopolis. 

I.  o.  M.  s.     Jovi  optimo  maximo  sacrum. 

I.  o.  M.  SPONS.  SECVRiT.  AVG.     Jovi  optimo  maximo  sponsori  securitatis  augusti. 

I.  O.  M.   8.  p.  Q.  R.  V.   8.  PR.   8.   IMP.  CAES.  QVOD.   PER.   EV.  RP.  IN.  AMP.  ATQ.  TRAN.   S. 

E.  Jovi  optimo  maximo  senatus  populus  que  romanus  vota  suscepta  pro  salute 
imperatoris  caesaris  quod  per  eum  respublica  in  ampliori  atque  tranquilliori 
statu  est. 

I.  o.  M.  V.  c.    Jovi  optimo  maximo  victori  conservatori. 

lov.  OLYM.     Jovi  olympio. 

lov.  STAT.     Jovi  statori. 

lov.  TON.     Jovi  tonanti. 

IsEL.  OECVM.     Iselastica  oecumenica. 

I.  8.  M.  R.    Juno  sospita  magna  regina,  or  juno  sospita  mater  romanorum. 

Ital.     Italia. 

Ital.  mvn.    Italicum  municipium. 

IvD.  CAP.     Judaea  capta. 

Ivl.     Julius,  or  julia,  or  julianus. 

Ivl.  avg.  cassandren.     Julia  augusta  cassandrensis. 

Ivl.  avg.  genit.  orb.     Julia  augusta  genitrix  orbis. 

IvLiA.  AVGVSTA.  c.  c.  A.     Julia  augusta  colonia  caesarea  augusta. 

IvLiA.  IMP.  T.  AVG.  F.  AVGVSTA.     Julia  impcratoris  titi  augusti  filia  augusta. 

Ivl.  v.  maximvs.  c.     Julius  verus  maximus  caesar. 

IvN.    Junior,  or  Junius,  or  Juno. 

IvN.  MART.     Junoni  martiali. 

IvN.  beg.    Juno  regina. 


K.    Carthago  or  kaeso. 

ELap.     Capitolina. 

Kab.     Carthago. 

Kar.  o.     Carthaginensis  officina. 


198 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 


Kart.  or  KRT.  E.     Carthago  officina  quintu, 
KoN.  or  KoNS.     Constantinopolis. 


L.     Laus,  or  legatus,  or  legio,  or  lucius,  or  ludi. 

L.  c.     Lugdunum  colonia. 

Laphr.     Laphria. 

L.  AUREL.  coMMO.  GEBM.  SARM.    Lucius  Burelius  commodus  gerraanicus  sarmati- 

cus. 
L.  CAN.     Lucius  caninius. 
Leg.    Legio. 

Leg.  AUG.  PR.  PR.     Legatus  augusti  pro  praetore. 
Leg.  gem.  pac.  or  parth.  or  nep.  or  vlp.     Legio  gemina  pacifica,  or  parthica,  or 

neptunia,  or  ulpia. 
Leg.  I.  ADi.  p.  f.     Legio  i.  adjutrix  pia  fidelis. 
Leg.  II.  PART.  V.  p.  v.F.     Legio  ii.  parthica  v.  pia  fidelis. 
Leg.  III.  PART.     Legio  iii.  parthica. 

Leg.  II.  TRO.  or  tr.  for.     Legio  ii.  trojanus  or  trajanus  fortis. 
Leg.  iiii.  vi.  p.  vi.  f.     Legio  iiii.  vi.  pia  vi.  fidelis. 
Leg.  m.  XX.     Legio  macedonica  xx. 
Leg.  pro.  cos.  or  leg.  pro.  pr.  or  leg.  avg.  or  leg.  a.  p.     Legatus  pro  consul  r*, 

or  legatus  pro  praetore,  or  legatus  augusti,  or  legio  armeniae  provinciae. 
Leg.  VII.  CL.  gem.  fidel.     Legio  vii.  claudia  gemina  fidelis. 
Leg.  v.  m.  p.  c.     Legio  v.  macedonica  pia  constans. 
Leg.  XI.  CLAVDiA.     Legio  xi.  claudia. 
Leg.  XVI.  fre.     Legio  xvi.  fregellae  or  fregenae. 
Leg.  XXX.  nep.  vi.  f.     Legio  xxx.  neptuniana  vi.  fidelis. 
Len.  cvr.  X.  F.     Lentulus  curator  x.  flandorum. 
Lep.     Lepidus  or  leptis. 

Lib.  avg.  iiii.  cos.  iiii.     Liberalitas  augusti  iiii.  consul  iiii. 
Liberalit.  avg.     Liberalitas  augusta  or  augusti. 

IjIkbris.  avg.  col.  a.  a.  p.     Liberis  augusti  colonia  augusta  aroe  patrensis. 
Libert,  rest.     Libertas  restituta. 
Lib.  II.  or  iii.     Liberalitas  ii.  or  iii. 
Lib.  p.     Libero  patri. 

Lib.  pvb.    Liberalitas  publica,  or  libertas  publica. 
Lie.  cor.  sal.  valer.  n.  CiES.    Licinius  Cornelius  saloninus  valerianus  nobilis 

csesar. 
Lie.  or  licin.     Licinius  licinianus. 
L.  I.  MiN.    Legio  i.  minervium. 

LocvPLET.  ORB.  TERRAR.     Locuplctatori  orbis  terrarum. 
LoN.     Longus. 
L.  p.  d.  ae.  p.     Lucius  papirius  designatus  aedilis  plebis. 

L.  SEPTIM.   8EVERV8.  PIVS.   AVG.  P.   M.  TR.  P.  XV.  COS.    III.   P.    P.      LuciuS   SCptimUS 

severus  plus  augustus  pontifex  maximus  tribunitia  potestate  xv.  consul  iii.  pater 
patriae. 

L.  SEPTIM.  SEV.  PERT.  AVG.  IMP.  PARTH.  ARAB.  PABTH.  ADIAB.  COS.  II.  P.  D.      LuciuS 

Septimus  severus  pertinax  augustus  imperator  parthicus  arabicus  parthicus  adia- 

bicus  consul  ii.  pater  patriae. 
L.  VAL.     Lucius  Valerius. 
Lvc.     Lucanus,  or  lucrio,  or  lucdunum. 
Lve.  p.  8.     Lucduni  pecunia  signata. 
Lve.  AEL.     Lucius  aelius. 

LveiLLiE.  AVG.  ANTONiNi.  AVG.  P.     LuciUaj  augustas  antonini  augusti  filiae. 
LvD.  s^c.  FEC.  COS.  xiiii.    Ludos  saeculares  fecit  consul  xiiii. 
Lvp.     Lupercus. 
Lv.  PC.  8.     Lugduni  pecunia  signata. 

200 


Plate  XCVI. 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

M. 

M.     Maesia,  or  marcns,  or  memmius,  or  mensis,  or  minerva,  or  nioiieta,  or  muni- 

ceps,  or  munitae. 
M.  A.     Marcus  aurelius. 
Ma.  cani.     Manius  caninius. 

Ma.  c.  avg.     Magna  (aedes)  caesaris  augusti  or  macellum  augnsti. 
M.  ^M.     Marcus  semilius. 
Mag.  decent.    Magnentius  decentius. 
Mag.  PIV8.     Magnus  plus. 
M.  ANN.     Marcus  annius. 
M.  ANT.  IMP.  AVG.  COS.  DE8.  ITER.  ET  TERT.     Marcus  antonius  imperator  augur 

consul  designatus  iterum  et  tertium. 
M.  ANTON.  AVG.  GERM.     Marcus  antoninus  augustus  germanicus. 
M.  ANTONINV8.  IMP.  COS.  DEsiG.  ITER.  ET.  TERT.  III.  viR.  REip.  c.     Marcus  antoninus 

imperator  consul  designatus  iterum  et  tertium  triumvir  reipublicae  constituendae. 
Marc     Marcia,  or  marcus,  or  martius. 
Marcia  otacil.  sev.  avg.     Marcia  otacilia  severa  augusta. 
Mar,  prop.     Mars  propugnator. 
Mar.  vlt.     Marti  ultori. 

M.  CASS.  LAT.  POSTVMVS.    Marcus  cassius  latienus  postumus. 
Mat.  avgg.     Mater  augustorum. 
Mat.  SEN.     Mater  senatus. 
Mat.  pat.     Mater  patriae. 

Mat.  devm.  conservat.    Matri  deum  conservatrici. 
Mat.  devm.  salvt.     Mater  deum  salutari. 
Mater,  avgg.     Mater  augustorum. 
Matr.  castror.     Matri  castrorum. 
M.  AVE.     Marcus  aufidius. 
M.  AVR.  or  mar.  avr.     Marcus  aurelius. 
M.  AVR.  ANTON.     Marcus  aurelius  antoninus. 
M.  AVREL.  ANTONiNvs.  AVG.  ARMEN.  P.  M.     Marcus  aurcHus  antoninus  augustus 

armeniacus  pontifex  maximus. 
Max.     Maximus. 

M.  c.  I.     Municipum  calaguris  julia. 
M.  coMMODvs  ANTONINVS  AVG.  BRIT.     Marcus  commodus  antoninus  augustus  Bri- 

tannicus. 
Mes.     Messius. 
Met.     Metropolis. 
Met.     Metaccus. 

Met.  vlpian.  pan.    Metallum  ulpianum  pannonicum. 
Met.  DEL.     Metallum  del.  for  dalmatianum. 
Met.  nor.    Metallum  noricum. 
M.  F.     Marci  filius. 
M.  N.    Marci  nepos. 

M.  H.  iLLERGAvoNiA.  DERT.    Municipium  hibera  illergavonia  dertoza. 
MiNAT.     Minatius. 
Miner,  vict.     Minervae  victrici. 
M.  K.  V.     Moneta  earth aginensis  urbem. 
M.  L.     Moneta  lugdunensis. 

M.  LEP.  c.  REG.  INST.     Marcus  lepidus  civitatum  reginensium  instauravit. 
M.  LL.     Moneta  lugdunensium. 
M.  MARC.     Marcus  marcellus. 
M.  M.  I.  V.     Municipes  municipii  julii  uticensis. 
M.  N.     Moneta  narbonensis. 
MoN.     Moneta. 
MoN.  AVG.     Moneta  augusti. 
Mo.  8.  T.    Moneta  signata  treveris. 

202 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

M.  8.  AVGG.  ET  CAE8S.  N08TR.     Moneta  sacra  augustorum  et  caesarum  nostrorum. 
M.  8.  TK.     Moneta  signata  treveris. 
MvL.  FKL.     Multa  felicia. 

MVN.  AVG.  BILBILI8.  C.  CORN.  KEFEC.  M.  HELV.  FRONT.  II.  VIB.      Municipium  aUgUSta 

bilbilis  caio  cornelio,  refecto  marco  helvio  frontone  duumviri. 
MvN.  CLVN.     Municipium  clunia. 
MvN.  FANE.  ML.     Municipium  fanestre  selium. 
MvNicip.  8TOB.     Municipium  stobensium. 

MvNic.  ITALIC.  PER.  AVG.     Municipium  italicense  permissu  augusti. 
MvN.  STOB.,  or  STOBENS,  Or  sTOBENsivM.     Municipium  stobense  or  stobensium. 
MvN.  TVB.  or  Mv.  TV.     Muuicipium  turcussae. 

N. 

N.    Natalis,  or  nepos,  or  nobilis,  or  noster,  or  numen,  or  nummus. 

Nat.     N.atalis  or  natus.  ^ 

Nat.  vrb.  circ.  con.     Natali  urbis  circenses  constituti. 

N.  c.     Nero  caesar,  or  nobilis  caesar. 

N.  c.  A.  p.  R.     Nummus  cusus  a  populo  romano. 

Nep.  red.     Neptuno  reduci. 

Nep.  8.     Neptuno  sacrum. 

Nept.  or  neptvn.    Neptunalia. 

Ner.    Nero  or  nerva. 

Ner.  I.  Q.  VRB.     Nero  i.  quaestor  urbis. 

Nero,  clavd.  drvsvs.  German,  imp.     Nero  Claudius  drusus  germanicus  imperator. 

Nero.  et.  drv8V8.  caesares.  qvinq.  c.  v.  i.  n.  c.     Nero  et  drusus  caesares  quin- 

quennales  coloniae  victricis  juliae  novae  carthaginis. 
N.  F.     Numerii  filius. 
N.  N.     Numerii  nepos. 
NiCEPH.     Nicephorium. 
Nig.     Niger. 

Nob.  c.    Nobilis  or  nobllissimus  caesar. 
N.  t.     Numini  tutelari. 
N.  tr.  ALEXANDRIANS.  COL.  BOSTR.     Ncrvac  trajanac  alexandrianse  coloniae  bostrae, 

or  bostrensis. 
Nv.    Numa. 

O. 

0.     Ob,  or  officina,  or  ogulnius,  or  optimo. 

Ob.  c.  s.  or  ob.  civ.  ser.  or  o.  c.  s.     Ob.  cives  servatos. 

CEc.     CEcumenia. 

Off.  III.  CONST.    Officinae  tertiae  constantinopoli. 

Oly.     Olympius. 

O.  M.  T.     Optimo  maximo  tonanti. 

Op.  or  OPT.  prin.  or  pr.     Optimo  principi. 

Op.  div.     Opi  divinae. 

Opi.  divin.  tr.  p.  C08.  II.    Opi.  divinae  tribunitia  potestate  consul  ii.  (ii.  stands  for 

secundum). 
Oppivs.  CAPiT.  PROPR.  PRiEF.  CLA.     Oppius  CEpito  propractor  praefectus  classis. 
Orb.  ter.     Orbis  terrarum. 


P.  Pater,  or  patriae,  or  per,  or  percussa,  or  perpetuus,  or  pius,  or  pontifex,  or 
populus,  or  posuit,  or  praefectus,  or  primus,  or  princeps,  or  provincae,  or  publi- 
us,  or  publico. 

P.  A.     Pietas  augusti  or  augusta. 

204 


Plaix  xcvin. 


^ 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

Pac.  or  PACi.     Pacifico. 

Pace.  p.  r.  terra,  mariq.  parta.  ianvm.  clvsit.     Pace  populi  romani  terra  ma- 

rique  parta  janura  clusit. 
P.  ALiTio.  L.  MENio.  II.  VIE.    PubUo  alitio  lucio  menio  duum-viri. 
Pannon.     Pannoniae. 
P;  AQ.     Percussa  aquileiae. 
P.  AR.     Percussa  arehite. 
P.  AR.  AD.     Parthicus  arabicus  adiabenicus. 
Par.     Parthicus. 

P.  ARL.     Pecunia  arelatensis  or  percussa  arelate. 
Pat.     Pater  patriae. 
Pax.  avg.    Pax  augusta. 
Pax.  p.  ROM.     Pax  populi  romani. 
P.  c.  C-ES.     Pater  caii  csesaris. 

P.  c.  L.  VALERiANvs.    Publius  comelius  licinius  valerianus. 
P.  D.    Populo  datum. 
Pelag.     Pelagia. 

Penates,  p.  r.    Penates  populi  romani. 
Per.     Permissu. 

Per.,a.  or  perpet.  avg.    Perpetuus  augustus. 
Per3i.  divi.  avg.  col.  ROM.     Pcrmissu  divi  augusti  colonia  romulea. 
Perm.  imp.  cor.     Permissu  imper'atoris  corinthi. 
Perm.  imp.  germ.     Permissu  imperatoris  germanici. 
Permissv  l.  aproni.  procos.  III.     Permissu  lucii  apronii  proconsul  iii. 
P.  R.  p.    Pecunia  romae  percussa. 
Pert.     Pertinax. 
Pescen.    Peseennius. 

P.  F.     Pius  felix,  or  pia  fidelis,  or  primus  fecit. 
P.  F.     Publii  filius,  or  pii  filia. 
P.  H.  0.     Provinciae  hispaniae  citerioris. 
Ph.  cond.     Philippus  conditor. 
P.  I.  or  PRiN.  ivvEN.     Princeps  juventutis. 
PiET.  AVG.     Pietas  augusta. 

P.  K.     Percussa  karthagine.  . 

Plae.  tran.     Plaetorius  tranquillus. 
P.  L.  cor.  sal.     Publius  licinius  comelius  saloninus. 
P.  L.  o.  N.     Percussa  lugduni  oflScinS,  nova  or  nonS.. 
P.  m.     Pontifex  maximus. 

P.  m.  8.  col.  vni .    Provincae  moesiae  superioris  colonia  viminiacum  or  viminacium. 
Pol.     Pollio. 
Pom.    Pompeius. 
Port.  ost.     Portus  ostiensis. 
P.  p.     Pater  patriae. 
P.  p.  AVG.    Perpetuus  augustus. 

P.  pompon,  cr.  II.  viR.     Puplio  pomponio  crispo,  or  crispino  duumviro. 
P.  R.     Percussa  romae. 

Pr.e.  clas.  et  orae.  marit.     Praefectus  classis  et  orae  maritimac. 
Pr^f.  germ.    Praefectus  germanorum. 
Pr.  cos.     Proconsul. 
Primi.  decen.    Primi  decennales. 
Princip.  ivvent.     Principi  Juventutis. 
Prob.     Probus. 
Proc.    Proconsul. 
Proc.  sic.     Proconsul  siciliae. 
P.  ROM.     Percussa  romae. 
Pron.    Pronepos. 

Prop,  or  pro.  p.     Propraetor  or  propraetore. 
Proq.  or  PRO.  Q.     Proquaestor  or  proquaestore. 

206 


Plate  XCIX. 


ABBREVIATIONS  OX  KOMAN  COINS. 

Prov.  deor.     Providentiae  or  providentiS,  deorum. 

Provident,  senat.     Providentia  senatus. 

Pr.  8.  p.     Provinciae  syriae  palestina. 

Pr.  vrb.     Praefectus  urbis  or  praetor  urbis. 

P.  8.     Percussa  sisciae. 

P.  T.     Percussa  treveris. 

PvDic.     Pudieitia. 

PvpiE.     Pupienus. 

Q. 

Q.     Quaestor,  or  quinarius,  or  quintus,  or  quinquennalis,  or  quod, 

Q.  CAS.     Quintus  cassius. 

Q.  c.  M.  p.  I.     Quintus  cecilius  metellus  plus  imperator. 

Q.  DES.     Quaestor  designatus. 

Q.  HER.  ETR.  MES.  DEC.  NOB.  c.     Quiutus  hcrennius  etruscus  messius  decius  nobilis 

caesar. 
Q.  HI8P.     Quaestor  hispaniae. 
Q.  M.     Quintus  marcius. 
Q.  o.  c.  FAB.     Quinto  oRulnio  (et)  caio  fabio. 
Q.  P.     Quaestor  praetoris. 

Q.  PAPiR.  CAR.  Q.  TER.  MON.     Quinto  papirio  carboni  (et)  quinto  terentio  montano. 
Q.  PR.  Q.  PRO.  c.  or  COS.     Quaestor  provinciae,  or  quaestor  pro  consule  or  procon- 

sulis. 
Q.  TERENT.  cvLLEON.  PRO.  COS.  III.     Qulnto  tcrcntio  culleoni  proconsuli  tertium. 
QvAD.     Quadratus. 

QvADRAG.  REM.     Quadragcsima  remissa. 
QviN.  ITER.     Quinquennalis  iterum. 
Q.  V.  or  QvoD.  V.  M.  8.     Quod  viae  munitae  sint,  or  sunt. 
Q.  VRB.     Quaestor  urbis. 

R. 

R.    Remissa,  or  roma,  or  restituit,  or  romanus. 

Ra.     Ravenna. 

R  0.     Romani  cives. 

fi.  CC.     Remissa  c  c. 

Rec.  ORB.     Rector  orbis. 

Ref.     Refecta. 

Res.     Restitutus  or  restituit. 

Rest.  ital.     Restitutor  italiae. 

Rest.  nvm.     Restituta  numidia  or  nummum  restitutum. 

Rex.  arm.  dat.     Rex  aimcniae  datus. 

Rex.  part.  dat.     Rex  i)arthis  datus. 

Rex.  Ptol.     Rex  ptolemaeus. 

R.  M.  or  REi.  MIL.     Rei  militaris. 

Ro.     Romae. 

RoM.  ^TER.     Romae  a;ternae. 

RoM.  col.     Romulea  colonia. 

RoMVL.  AVG.     Romulo  augusto. 

RoMVL.  coNDiT.     Romulo  conditori. 

Ro.  p.  8.     Romae  pecunia  signata. 

R.  p.     Romae  percussa. 

R.  p.  c.    Rei  publicae  constituendae. 

R.  8.     Romae  signata.  • 

R.  V.     Roma  victrix. 

R.  p.  s.     Ravcnnac  pecunia  signata. 

R.  XL.    Remissa  xl. 

208 


Plate  C. 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 


S.     Sacerdos,  or  sacra,  or  semissug,  or  senatus,  or  senator,  or  senior,  or  sextus,  or 

soli,  or  spes,  or  suscepto,  or  sisciae. 
S.  A.     Salus,  or  salus  augusti,  or  securitas  augusti,  or  signata  antiochiae. 
Sac.  f.     Sacris  faciundum  or  sacra  faciens. 
Sack.  pee.     Sacra  periodica. 
S^cvLAR.  AVGG.     SsBcularcs  augustorum. 
S^cvLAK.  SAC.     Saecularia  sacra. 
S^cvx.  FBVGiF.     Sseculo  frugifero. 
Sag.     Saguntum. 

Sal.     Salus,  or  salduba,  or  saloninus,  or  salonina. 
Sal.  gen.  hvm.     Salus  generis  humani. 
Sall.  barb.     Sallustia  barbia  (Orbiana). 
Salm.    Salmantica. 
S.  ARL.     Signata  arelate. 
Sabm.     Sarmaticus. 
Savf.     SaufFeia  or  sauflFeius. 
S.  c.     Senatus  consulto. 
Sci.  AF.     Scipio  africanus. 
SciP.  ASIA.     Scipio  asiaticus. 
S.  CONST.     Signata  constantinopoli. 
ScB.     Scribonia  or  scribonius. 
Sec  or  s^c.     Securitas  or  ssBculum. 
Sec.  orb.     Securitas  orbis. 
Semp.     Sempronius  or  sempronia. 
Sen.    Senior. 
Senti.     Sentia. 

Sep.  col.  lavd.     Septimia  colonia  laudicea. 
Sept.  sev.    Septimius  severus. 
Sept.  ttr.  met.     Septima  tyrus  metropolis. 
Ser.     Servius. 
Seren.     Serenas. 
Sex.  f.     Sexti  filius. 
S.  F.     Saeculi  felicitas. 
SiciL.     Sicilia. 

SiDER.  RECEPT.     Sidcribus  receptis. 
SiG.  RECEPT.     Signis  receptis. 
S.  I.  M.     Soli  invicto  mithrae. 
Sm.  or  siRM.     Sirmium. 
Sisc.  p.     Sisciae  percussa  (moneta). 
S.  M.  A.     Signata,  or  sacra  moneta  antiochiae. 
S.  M.  A.  Q.  p.     Sacra  moneta  aquileiae  percussa. 
S.  M.  HER.     Signata  moneta  heracleae. 
S.  M.  o.  B.     Signata  moneta  officina  secunda. 
S.  M.  N.     Sacra  or  signata  moneta  narbonae  or  nicomediae. 
S.  M.  R.     Signata  moneta  romae. 
S.  M.  R.  Q.     Signata  moneta  romae  officina  quarta. 
S.  M.  SI8C.     Signata  moneta  sisciae. 
S.  M.  TR.     Signata  moneta  treveris. 

S.  M.  T.  s.  B.    Sacra  moneta  treveris  signata,  officina  secunda. 
Sp.    Spurius. 

Sp.  avgvsta.     Spes  augusta. 
Spes.  p.  r.     Spes  populi  romani. 

S.  P.  Q.  R.  adsert.  LIBERT.     Seuatns  populus  que  romanus  assertori  libertatis. 
S.  p.  Q.  R.  A.  N.  F.  F.     Senatus  populus-que  romanus  anno  natali  fieri  fecit. 

S.  p.  Q.  R.  IMP.  CM.  QVOD.  V.  M.  8.  EX.  EA.  P.  Q.  IS.  AD.  A.  D.       ScnatUS   populus    qUC 

210 


Plate  CI. 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

romanus  imperator  caesari  quod  viae  munitae  sunt  ex  ea  pecunia  quam  is  ad 

aerarium  detulit. 
S.  P.  Q.  R.  ivLiM.  AVGV8T.     Scnatus  populus  que  romanus  juliaj  augustae. 
S.  p.  Q.  K.  OPTIMO.  PRiNCiPi.     Senatus  populus  que  romanus  optimo  principi. 
S.  p.  Q.  R.  svF.  p.  D.     Senatus  populus  que  romanus  Suffamenta  populo  data. 
S.  p.  Q.  R.  V.  8.  PRO.  R.  CiES.     Senatus  populus  que  romanus  vota  solvunt  pro  reditu 

caesare. 
S.  R.     Senatus  romanus,  or  salus  romanorum,  or  spes  reipublicae,  or  sacris  receptis, 

or  restitutis. 
S.  T.    Signata  treveris  or  securitas  temporum. 
Stabil.     Stabilitas. 
SvLL.     Sulla  or  sylla. 
Ss.     Sestertium. 


T.    Titus,  or  treveris,  or  tribunus,  or  tutelaris. 

T.  AR.    Tertia  arelate. 

T.  OAES.  Divi.  VE8P.  F.  AVG.  P.  M.  TR.  P.  P.  COS.  VHi.    Titus  cacsar  divi  vespasiani 

filius  augustus  pontifex  maximus  tribunitia  potestate  pater  patriae  consul  viii. 
Templ.  div.  AVG.  REST.  COS.  uii.     Tcmplum  divi  augusti  restitutum  consul  quartum. 
Ter.    Terentius. 
Tes.    Tessalonicae. 
T.  F.    Titi  filia  or  temporum  felicitas. 
T.  FL.     Titus  flavins. 
T.  G.  A.     Tutelaris  genius  aegypti. 
Ti.     Tiberius. 
Ti.  N.     Tiberii  nepos. 
Ti.  F.     Tiberii  filius. 

T.  M.  AP.  CL.    Titus  manlius  (et)  appius  Claudius. 
T.  p.,  or  TR.  POT.,  or  trib.  pot.     Tribunitia  potestas. 

T.  p.,  or  TR.  POT.,  or  trib.  pot.  v.  etc.    Tribunitia  potestas,  or  tribunitia  potestas  v. 
Tr.    Treveris. 
Trai.     Trajanus. 
Tran.     Tranquillus. 
Tranq.     Tranquillitas. 
Treban.    Trebanius. 
Trebon  or  tree.    Trebonianus. 
Tr.  f.     Trajana  fortis. 
Trivmph.     Triumphator. 

Tr.  obs.  or  o.  b.  s.     Treveris  obsignata  or  oflBcina  b.  signata. 
Tr.  leg.  n.     Tribunus  legionis  ii. 
Tr.  p.     Treveris  percussa  or  pecunia. 
Tr.  PL.  D.    Tribunus  plebis  designatus. 
Tr.  v.  m.    Triumviri  monetales. 
T.  T.    Trevirorum. 
TvL.  H.  or  host.    Tullus  hostilius. 

V. 

V.    Quinque,  or  verus,  or  victrix,  or  vir,  or  virtus,  or  voto,  or  votivus,  or  urbs. 

V.  aet.     Virtus  aeterna. 

Val.  or  VALER.    Valerius  or  valerianus. 

Var.  rvf.    Varius  rufus. 

Ven.  fel.     Veneri  felici. 

Vbner.  victr.    Veneri  victrici. 

Vent.    Ventidius. 

Vesp.    Vespasianus. 

212 


Plate  CII. 


ABBREVIATIONS  ON  ROMAN  COINS. 

Veter.     Veteranorum. 

Vet.  LANG.    Vettius  languidus. 

V.  I.    Vota  imperii. 

ViB.    Vibius. 

Vic.  avg.    Victoria  augusti. 

Vic.  oebm.    Victoria  germanica. 

Vic.  pak.  m.     Victoria  parthica  maxima. 

Vic.  s.     Victoria  sicilia. 

Vic.  beatissim.  cabss.    Victoria  beatissimorum  caesarom. 

Vic.  BRIT.  p.  M.     Victoria  britannica  pontifex  maximus. 

Victor,  rom.     Victoria  romanorum. 

Vict.  p.  gal.  avg.    Victoria  parthica  gallieni  augusti. 

Vii.  VIB.  Epv.     Vii  viri  epulonum. 

ViB.     Virtus. 

Vi.  viR.  a.     Vi.  vir.  augustus. 

V.  N.  M.  R.    Urbis  nicomediae  moneta  restituta. 

Vol.    Volusius. 

Vota.  pvb.    Vota  publica. 

VoT.  DECEN.    Vota  decennalia. 

VoT.  XX.  MVL.  XXX.     Vota  XX.  multiplica  xxx. 

V.  p.    Vota  publica  or  vota  populi. 

V.  V.    Vota  V. 


X.    Decem.    Ten,  or  Deceimalia. 

X.  p.    X.  faciendum. 

XI.  r.    XI.  remissa. 

Xv.    Xv.     Money  worth  fifteen  denarii. 
Xvi.     Sixteen  (denarii). 
Xv.  VIR.  SAC.  PAC.    Xv.  viri  sacris  faciundis. 
Xx.  V.    Xx.  vota. 

214 


Plate  Cm. 


PRICES  OF  ENGLISH  COINS. 

(from  HUMPHREYS.) 

All  are  silver  pennies  till  Edward  III. 
WILLIAM  I.,  from  2s.  to  £1. 
WILLIAM  II.,  from  15s.  to  £2  10s. 
HENRY  L,  from  £1  to  £4. 
STEPHEN,  from  15s.  to  £3. 
HENRY  IL,  from  3s.  to  10s. 
RICHARD  I.,  from  2s.  to  6s. 
HENRY  in.,  from  2s.  to  5s. 
EDWARD  I.  and  H.,  from  2s.  to  5s. 
EDWARD  HI.  pennies,  half  groats,  and  groats,  about  4s.  each. 

GOLD.     Noble,  about  £2  ;  half  do.,  about  21s. ;  quarter  do.,  about  12s. 
EDWARD  BLACK  PRINCE  pennies,  about  7s. 
RICHARD  II.  pennies,  about  6s. ;  half  groats,  about  15s. ;  groats,  about  20s. 

GOLD.     Noble  and  half  do.,  about  £3 ;  quarter  do.,  about  £1. 
HENRY  IV.,  v.,  VI.  pennies,  from  4s.  to  20s. ;  half  groats,  from  4s.  to  20s. ;  groats, 
from  4s.  to  £1. 

GOLD.     Nobles,  about  £2;  half  do.,  about  25s. ;  quarter  do.,  about  12s. 
EDWAUD  rV.  pennies,  about  5s. ;  half  groats,  about  4s.  and  5s. ;  groats,  3s.  to  10s. 
GOLD.    Noble,  about  £2 ;  half  do,  25s. ;  quarter  do.,  about  21s. ;  angel  and 
half  do.,  about  30s. 
RICHARD  HI.  pennies,  about  £1 ;  half  groats,  very  rare ;  groats,  about  25s. 

GOLD.     Angel,  about  £5. 
HENRY  VII.  pennies,  about  4s. ;  half  do.,  about  4s. ;  groats,  about  5s. ;  shillings, 
from  £10. 

GOLD.     Sovereign,  about  £10 ;  angel,  about  25s. ;  half  do.,  about  £2. 
HENRY  VIII.  pennies,  2s.  6d. ;  half  groats  and  groats,  4s.  and  5s. ;  shilling,  about 
£2. 

GOLD.     Sovereign,  about  £8 ;  half  sovereign,  about  25s. ;  angel,  about  £1 ; 
half  do.,  about  25s. ;  crown,  about  £1. 
EDWARD  VI.  pennies,  from  10s.  ;  half  groat,  base,  about  £4 ;  groat,  base,  very 
rare,  in  Durrant's  sale,  sold  for  £10  10s. ;  quarter  shilling,  about  20s. ;  six- 
pence, about  10s. ;  shilling,  from  4s. ;  half  crowns,  £2 ;  crowns,  about  £2. 

GOLD.     Double  sovereign.  Colonel  Durrant's,  sold  for  £38  10s. ;  sovereign, 
about  £4 ;  half  do.,  about  £2 ;  quarter  do.,  about  £4  ;  half  crown,  about  £3. 
MARY  I.  pennies,  about  10s. ;  half  groats,  about  £3 ;  groats,  about  12s. ;  half 
shillings,  about  £2 ;  shillings,  about  £2. 

GrOLD.  Sovereign,  about  £6;  rial,  one  of  the  rarest  coins  in  the  series, 
Colonel  Durrant's,  sold  for  £66 ;  angel,  about  £4. 
ELIZABETH,  three-farthing  pieces,  about  10s. ;  pennies,  about  2s. ;  three-halfpenny 
pieces,  about  10s. ;  half  groats,  about  4s. ;  threepenny  pieces,  about  4s. ;  groats, 
about  10s. ;  half  shillings,  about  3s. ;  shillings,  about  10s. ;  half  crowns,  about 
£2 ;  crowns,  about  £2. 

216 


Plate  CIY. 


^iVKMIlS  SiyMAK!  UTATl^ 

iasg)x©ii2.2sa2S 


PRICES  OF  ENGLISH  COINS. 

GOLD.     Sovereigns,  about  £4 ;  rial,  the  average  of  Colonel  Durrani's  was 
£7  15s. ;  angel,  about  £2  ;  half  do.,  about  20s. 
JAMES  I.  pennies,  about  4s. ;  half  groats,  about  3s. ;  sixpences,  about  10s. ;  shil- 
lings, from  about  7s.  6d.  ;  half  crowns,  about  £2 ;  crowns,  about  £2. 

GOLD.     Sovereigns,  or  rose  rials,  about  £4 ;  unites,  or  twenty-shilling  pieces, 
about  £2 ;  half  sovereign,  about  £1 ;  crowns,  about  12s. ;  half  crowns,  about 
10s. ;  angel,  about  £2 ;  half  do.,  about  £3. 
CHARLES  I.     COPPER,    Farthings,  about  6c?. 

SILVER.  Pennies,  2s.  to  £1 ;  half  groats,  about  4s. ;  threepenny  pieces, 
about  4s. ;  groats,  about  5s. ;  sixpences,  about  5s. ;  shillings,  about  10s.  ;  half 
crowns,  about  12s. ;  crowns,  about  £2 ;  ten-shilling  pieces,  about  £2  10s. ;  pound- 
pieces,  about  £10. 

GOLD.     Angels,  about  £4 ;  unit,  or  broad,  about  £2 ;  half  do.,  about  £2 ; 
crowns,  about  £1 ;  treble  unit,  or  three-pound  piece,  Oxford  Mint,  about  £8. 
COMMONWEALTH.     SILVER.     Half  pennies,  about  4s. ;  pennies,  about  4s. ; 
half  groats,  about  3s. ;  sixpences,  about  12s. ;  shillings,  about  7s. ;  half  crowns, 
about  £3 ;  crowns,  about  £2  10s. 

GOLD.    Twenty-shilling  piece,  about  £3;  half  do.,  about  £2  10s. ;  crowns, 
about  £2  10s. 
OLIVER  CROMWELL.    The  set  of  his  silver  coins,  crown,  half  do.,  and  shilling, 
is  worth  from  £7  to  £12. 

GOLD.     Broad,  about  £7. 
CHARLES  n.    COPPER.    Half  pennies,  about  5s. ;  farthings,  about  Is. 

SILVER.  The  set  of  Mannday  money,  Id.,  2d.,  3d.,  and  id.,  given  by  the 
monarch  on  Maunday  Thursday  to  certain  poor  persons,  about  3s.  6d. ;  six- 
pences, about  3s. ;  shillings,  about  5s. ;  half  crowns,  about  10s. ;  crowns,  from 
15s.  upward,  according  to  preservation. 

GOLD.  Half  guineas,  about  £2 ;  guineas,  about  £3 ;  two-guinea  pieces, 
about  £3 ;  five-guinea  pieces,  about  £7. 
From  this  time  till  the  present,  the  Copper  Coins  can  be  purchased  for  from  Is.  to 
2s.  and  3s.  per  specimen,  with  the  exception  of  ANNE'S  FARTHING,  a  fine 
specimen  of  which,  of  the  common  type,  can  be  procured  for  about  14s.  to  £1. 
The  Silver  Coins  can  be  purchased  for  about  double  currency,  and  upward, 
according  to  preservation ;  and  the  Gold  Coins  can  be  obtained  for  about  60 
per  cent,  advance  on  the  current  value. 


PKICES  OF  MODEEN  COINS  OF  FOREIGN  NATIONS. 

The  ordinary  coins  of  nearly  every  modern  nation  on  the  face  of  the  earth  may  be 
found  in  New  York  city.  The  great  immigration,  and  the  wide-spread  commerce 
which  brings  seamen  here  from  every  port,  necessarily  produces  a  constant  supply. 
Hence,  as  a  general  rule,  none  of  them  are  worth  more  than  their  intrinsic  value  in 
copper  and  silver,  or,  at  the  most,  three  or  six  cents  each  for  fine  specimens  of  cop- 
per coins,  while  silver  coins  are  never  worth  more  than  their  weight.  Foreign  trades- 
men's cards  are  of  no  more  value  than  coins.  Very  fine  sets  of  the  English  can  be 
imported  at  about  five  cents  each,  in  uncirculated  condition. 

218 


Plate  CV. 


BEMAEKS  ON  SOME  KAEE  COINS  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES  SERIES. 

The  tables  will  serve  to  show  the  collector  what  coins  of  the  regular  series  he  may 
expect  to  find  readily  and  without  trouble,  as  well  as  what  coins  it  will  be  diflBlcult 
to  procure  except  at  high  prices.  But  it  is  of  course  impossible  to  give,  in  the  form 
of  a  table,  the  relative  rarity  of  those  coins  which  belong  to  the  general  class  denom- 
inated very  rare.  We  therefore  make  some  notes  on  these  coins  for  the  special  ben- 
efit of  young  and  inexperienced  collectors. 

DOLLAES. 

The  dollar  of  1794 — the  first  silver  dollar  of  the  series — is  now  very  rare,  and 
commands  a  large  premium.  It  is  worth,  in  ordinary  condition,  from  $4  to  $5,  and 
in  fine  condition  much  more.  The  dollars  from  1794  to  1804  are  not  worth  any 
premium  above  the  weight  of  the  silver,  unless  in  extra  fine  condition.  One  variety 
of  1798 — that  with  the  eagle  on  the  reverse  like  the  eagle  of  1797 — is  rare,  and 
worth  about  $2. 

The  dollar  of  1804  is  very  rare — so  rare  that  not  more  than  two  or  three  specimens 
are  known.  It  has  even  been  doubted  whether  these  are  not  manufactured  coins ; 
but  this  suspicion  is  groundless.  The  dies  are  in  existence  at  the  Mint,  and  it  is 
stated  that  these  two  specimens  were  struck  from  them  about  1827. 

The  dollars  of  1836,  1838,  and  1839  are  but  pattern  pieces,  with  a  flying  eagle  on 
the  ijeverse,  never  issued  in  circulation.  They  are  rare  in  the  order  of  their  dates, 
the  last  being  most  rare.  They  command  prices  varying  from  $6  to  $18,  according 
to  date  and  condition. 

The  dollar  of  1848  is  becoming  scarce.  In  1851  and  1852  no  dollars  were  issued 
for  circulation,  and  the  specimens  struck  at  the  Mint  are  of  the  highest  degree  of 
rarity.     They  command  $15  to  $18  each  at  auction  sales. 

The  dollar  of  1854  is  becoming  very  rare.  That  of  1858  was  never  issued  for  cir- 
culation, and  the  Mint  proofs  command  a  price  from  $6  to  $8. 

With  the  foregoing  exceptions,  the  dollars  may  be  easily  procured.  It  should  be 
borne  in  mind,  however,  that  they  are  worth  a  premium  of  6  to  7  per  cent,  over  the 
coins  of  smaller  denomination  since  1853,  and  they  are  therefore  seldom  found  in 
circulation,  and  usually  go  to  the  silversmiths.  Hence  they  are  fast  disappearing, 
and  in  a  few  years  all  the  dates  will  be  very  rare.  The  same  is  true  of  all  the  silver 
coinage  prior  to  July,  1853. 


Plate  CVI. 


RARE  AMERICAN  SILVER. 


HALF  DOLLARS. 


The  half  dollar  of  1794  is  seldom  found  in  good  condition,  and  when  so  found  is 
worth  $1  to  $2.  That  of  1795  is  more  common;  but  1796  and  1797  are  exceed- 
ingly rare,  bringing  readily,  if  in  fine  order,  $10  to  $15  each  at  auction  and  private 
sale.  1801  and  1802  are  rarely  found  in  even  fair  keeping,  and  it  is  very  diflBcult 
to  supply  them  in  collections.  They  are  worth  $1  to  $2  each,  in  good  order.  The 
remarks  made  on  the  dollar  of  1804  apply  also  to  the  half  dollar  of  the  same  year. 
We  have  never  seen  a  specimen,  and  might  doubt  that  it  ever  existed  but  for  the  fact 
that  a  variety  of  1805  is  known  of  which  the  die  was  altered  from  the  die  of  1804, 
and  the  alteration  is  so  poorly  executed  that  the  4  is  more  distinct  than  the  5.  It  Ls 
impossible  to  name  any  price  for  the  dollar  or  the  half  dollar  of  1804,  for  they  have 
never  been  sold. 

The  die  of  1807,  with  the  head  like  that  of  1808,  is  scarce  in  good  condition, 
though  very  common  in  poor  condition. 

1813  is  difficult  to  find  in  good  keeping.  1815  is  rare  in  good  condition,  and 
worth  $1.50  to  $2.50. 

The  milled-edge  variety  of  1836  is  scarce,  and  worth  $1  to  $1.50.  1840  is  scarce 
in  good  condition,  but  rubbed  specimens  are  common.  1851  is  quite  scarce — worth 
$1  to  $2 ;  and  1852  is  almost  equally  rare. 

With  these  exceptions,  all  the  half  dollars  are  to  be  had  with  little  trouble  from 
any  silver  dealer  of  your  acquaintance. 

QUARTER  DOLLARS. 

This  coin,  being  one  in  most  common  use,  is  seldom  found  in  first-rate  condition 
in  any  of  the  early  years.  The  quarter  dollar  of  1796  is  sufficiently  rare  to  be  worth 
about  $2.50  in  good  condition.  1804  is  worth  50  cents  to  $1.  1823  is  a  very  rare 
coin — in  fact  one  of  the  rarest  of  the  series.  The  price  marked  for  it  is  not  higher 
than  it  will  command  in  iirst-rate  order.  1827  is  very  rare.  The  other  dates  are 
comparatively  common,  though  nearly  all  before  1837  are  difficult  to  find,  except 
more  or  less  rubbed. 


DIMES. 

The  dime  of  1796  is  rare— worth  $1.50  to  $2.50.  The  dime  of  1797  is  of  the 
highest  rarity,  and  commands  $7.50  to  $8.50.  1798,  1801,  and  1803  are  worth  $1 
each.  1804  is  very  rare,  and  worth  $5.  1809  and  1811  are  very  rare  in  good 
condition,  and  worth  $2  to  $3.  1822  is  rare  also,  and  worth  $1.50  to  $2.  1844  is 
becoming  very  scarce.  1846  is  rare,  and  worth  $1.50  to  $2.50  in  first-rate  order. 
1853,  without  arrow-heads  at  the  sides  of  the  date,  is  rare,  and  brings  $1. 

HALF  DIMES. 

1794  is  seldom  found.  It  is  worth  $3  if  in  first-rate  order,  or  $2  in  ordinary  con- 
dition. 1796  and  1797  are  worth  about  $1  each.  1801  and  1803  are  worth  $2  each. 
1846  is  scarce,  and  brings  $1  to  $1.50.     1853,  without  the  arrow-heads  on  each  side 

222 


Plate  CVIL 


RARE  AMERICAN  COPPER. 

of  the  date  (which  arrow-heads  were  placed  on  the  coinage  in  July,  1853,  to  mark 
the  new  and  reduced  weight),  is  now  rare,  and  brings  75  cents  to  $1. 

CENTS. 

The  desire  to  make  collections  of  cents  has  made  so  much  variation  in  the  prices 
that  it  is  impossible  to  say  that  any  date  has  a  fixed  and  definite  value. 

In  general,  all  the  cents  can  be  procured  in  ordinary  circulation,  with  very  little 
trouble,  by  a  diligent  searcher,  excepting  only  1793,  1799,  and  1804.  It  is,  in  fact, 
unnecessary  for  any  collector  to  pay  a  premium  for  any  cent  except  these  years, 
unless  he  desires  to  enrich  his  collection  with  proof  or  uncirculated  coins.  We  have 
already  explained  the  difference  between  a  proof  and  an  uncirculated  coin.  But  it 
may  be  repeated  here  with  benefit.  The  proof  coins  are  those  struck  in  the  Mint 
from  the  master-die,  the  original  die  cut  by  the  engraver.  The  custom  of  the  Mint 
has  been  to  strike  about  a  hundred  sets,  more  or  less,  of  the  entire  coinage  of  the 
year  from  the  master-die.  These  are  very  beautiful  and  perfect  specimens,  and  are 
known  as  proofs.  They  always  command  a  premium,  which  increases  as  years  ad- 
vance. The  master-die  is  afterward  used  to  impress  in  soft  steel  and  make  other 
dies,  from  which  the  great  bulk  of  the  coinage  is  struck. 

In  the  cents  the  difference  between  the  proofs  and  other  issues  is  very  great,  and 
the  former  command  extravagant  prices,  as  the  annexed  table  shows.  The  collector, 
however,  must  not  be  misled  by  this  table  into  supposing  that  he  will  have  to  pay 
these  prices  for  fine  or  uncirculated  specimens.  Patience  in  collecting  will  enable 
him  in  time  to  make  his  set  of  cents  fine  enough  at  little  cost  except  for  the  rare 
years,  1793,  1799,  and  1804. 

The  numerous  varieties  of  1793  command  various  prices.  The  rarest  is  the  Lib- 
erty-cap cent,  like  that  of  1794.  In  fine  condition  it  brings  from  $4  to  $6.  The 
Link  cent,  having  the  chain  around  the  words  one  cent,  is  worth  $3  to  $5  in  first- 
rate  condition.  The  Wreath  cent,  in  various  varieties,  brings  about  the  same  price ; 
but  this  cent  of  1793  has  so  varied  in  price  of  late  years  that  it  is  impossible  to  name 
a  fixed  value  to  any  variety.  The  mania  for  coins  has  largely  increased  the  supply, 
while  it  has  also  increased  the  number  of  collectors  and  the  demand. 

The  cent  of  1799  is  the  rarest  of  the  copper  coins.  The  collector  must  beware  of 
counterfeits,  which  abound  in  the  cities,  well  executed  by  altering  cents  of  1797  and 
1798.  A  first-rate  1799,  of  undoubted  genuineness,  is  worth  about  $10 — but  the 
price  falls  rapidly  as  the  condition  of  the  piece  deteriorates.  Close  examination  with 
the  aid  of  a  magnifying-glass  will  not  in  all  cases  detect  these  counterfeits.  The  col- 
lector should  at  least  adopt  this  rule,  not  to  purchase  a  1799  which  has  the  slightest 
scratch  or  flaw  on  the  surface  any  where  near  the  last  9  in  the  date. 

1804  is  not  so  rare  a  cent  as  it  is  commonly  reputed,  and  yet  it  commands  from  $3 
to  $7.50,  according  to  condition.  We  recommend  the  collector  not  to  purchase  this 
date,  but  search  diligently  among  old  coppers  until  he  finds  it.  We  have  had  no 
difficulty  in  finding  some  fair  specimens  among  copper  cents  in  bulk.  It  is,  how- 
ever, very  rare  in  first-rate  condition,  and  the  same  is  true  of  all  the  dates  from  1800 
to  1811,  except  perhaps  1802  and  1803.  The  cent  of  1808,  with  filleted  head  re- 
sembling 1807,  is  rarely  found  except  in  very  poor  condition.  Its  existence  even  has 
been  disputed,  so  rarely  is  the  date  legible. 

224 


Plate  CVIII. 


RARE  AMERICAN  COPPER. 

In  1816  no  cent  was  coined ;  any  specimens  that  are  exhibited  must  be  alterations 
from  other  years.  It  is  by  some  disputed  that  this  cent  is  unknown.  We  can  aflfirm, 
however,  that  we  never  saw  a  cent  of  1815,  never  saw  a  person  who  had  seen  one, 
and  never  heard  of  a  collector  who  either  possessed  one  or  had  heard  of  one  in  any 
other  person's  possession.  If  the  coin  ever  existed,  it  has  absolutely  disappeared. 
Counterfeits  are  easily  made  from  1813 ;  but  no  one  need  be  imposed  on  by  such 
coppers  after  this  information. 

The  cents  from  1830  to  1849  are  rarely  found  in  uncirculated  condition,  and  this 
will  explain  the  high  prices  paid  for  proof  specimens,  as  shown  by  the  table. 

HALF  CENTS. 

These  little  coins  are  fast  disappearing.  1793  has  become  very  rare.  1796  is 
much  rarer;  and,  with  few  exceptions,  all  the  early  years  are  becoming  scarce. 
These  exceptions  are  1803,  1804,  1806,  and  1807,  which  are  perhaps  more  common 
than  others.  1831  and  1836  are  of  the  highest  rarity,  commanding,  for  the  former, 
$5  to  $7.50,  and  the  latter,  $3  to  $5. 

In  1841,  1842,  1843,  1844,  1845,  1846,  1847,  and  1848  none  were  issued  for  cir- 
culation, and  the  specimens  coined  at  the  Mint  are  of  the  highest  rarity,  as  also  is 
true  of  1852.    The  table  gives  the  prices  recently  paid  for  these. 

226 


Plate  CIX. 


TABLE 

SHOWING  THE  COMPARATIVE  RARITY  OF  UNITED  STATES  SILVER 
AND   COPPER  COINS. 

[N.C.,  none  coined.    Greatest  rarity,  6.] 


Years. 

1793 

1794 

1796 

1796 

1797 

1798 

1799 

1800 

1801 

1802 

1803 

1804 

1805 

1806 

1807 

1808 

1809 

1810 

1811 

1812 

1813 

1814 

1815 

1816 

1817 

1818 

1819 

1820 

1821 

1822 

1823 

1824 

1825 

1826 

1827 

1828 

1829 

1830 

1831 


Dollars. 

Half 

Dollars. 

Quarter 
Dollars. 

Dimes. 

Half 
Dime?. 

Three 

Cents. 

Cents. ' 

Half 

Cents. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

5 

6 

6 

4 

N.C. 

N.C. 

5 

N.C. 

2 

3 

2 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

4 

N.C. 

2 

4 

2 

6 

5 

4 

.    4 

N.C. 

2 

6 

2 

6 

N.C. 

5 

4 

N.C. 

3 

5 

1 

N.C. 

N.C. 

4 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

1 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

6 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

3 

4 

N.C. 

3 

3 

2 

4 

N.C. 

3 

4 

N.C. 

3 

N.C. 

2 

4 

N.C. 

4 

5 

N.C. 

2 

5 

1 

1 

N.C. 

3 

5 

N.C. 

1 

4 

6 

6 

3 

3 

N.C. 

N.C. 

5 

1 

N.C. 

2 

2 

2 

4 

N.C. 

3 

3 

N.C. 

2 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

3 

2 

N.C. 

1 

2 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

2 

N.C. 

3 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

4 

1 

N.C. 

3 

N.C. 

5 

N.C. 

N.C. 

4 

1 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

3 

3 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

5 

N.C. 

N.C. 

3 

5 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

3 

N.C. 

N.C. 

3 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

3 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

4 

3 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

3 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

1 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

3 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

1 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

1 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

2 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

2 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

2 

5 

N.C. 

N.C. 

1 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

6 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

3 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

2 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

2 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

2 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

2 

2 

N.C. 

2 

6 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

1 

N.C. 

N.C. 

1 

3 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

1 

1 

N.C. 

1 

N.C. 

2 

3 

N.C. 

1 

2 

N.C. 

1 

N.C. 

2 

2 

N.C. 

2 

N.C. 

N.C. 

1 

2 

2 

1 

N.C. 

1 

6 

228 


Plate  CX. 


TABLE  OF  COMPAKATIVE  BABlTY.—dContinued.) 


Years. 

Dollars. 

Halt- 
Dollars. 

Quarter 
Dollars. 

Dimes, 

Half 
Dimes. 

Three 

Clents. 

Cents. 

Half 

Cents. 

1832 

N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

6 
N.C. 

6 

6 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

6 

6 

2 

4 

2 

2 

1 

5 

1 

2 

2 
2 
2 
3 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
2 
5 
2 

7 

N.C. 
N.C. 

N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
5 
3 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

2 

2 

2 

6 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 
N.C. 
N.C. 

1833 

1834 

1835 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 

1852 

1853 

1854 

1855 

1856 

1857 

1858 

1859 

The  Table  of  Comparative  Rarity  is  based  on  only  six  orders.  It  is  of  course  im- 
possible to  distinguish  all  coins  exactly  by  these  six  numbers.  Thus  the  dollar  of 
1804  might  well  be  ranked  as  more  rare  than  almost  any  other  of  the  coins.  But 
the  table  will  serve  the  purposes  of  the  collector  without  more  minute  distinctions. 
We  have  classed  the  dollars  of  1836,  1838,  and  1839  as  very  rare.  They  are,  in 
fact,  pattern  pieces  (especially  the  dollar  of  1839,  of  which  very  few  were  struck), 
and  should  perhaps  be  omitted  from  the  table.  The  cent  of  1856  referred  to  in  the 
table  is  the  nickel  cent,  and  that  of  1857  the  copper. 

230 


Plate  CXI. 


WEIGHT  AND  FIKENESS  OF  GOLD  AND  SILVER. 

.  Gold  is  never  found  in  a  pure  state  when  taken  from  the  earth.  It  is  always  al- 
loyed more  or  less  with  silver.  The  process  of  parting  the  gold  from  the  silver  is 
very  simple.  Being  melted  and  poured  into  cold  water,  it  is  granulated ;  then  boiled, 
each  3i  ounces  of  alloyed  metal  with  4  ounces  of  nitric  acid,  which  dissolves  the 
silver  and  copper,  leaving  the  gold  in  a  brown  powder.  This  is  washed  with  hot 
water  to  remove  the  nitrate  of  silver,  and  is  then  as  pure  as  it  is  practicable  to  obtain 
it.    It  still  contains  from  three  to  ten  thousandths  of  silver. 

All  coin  is  alloyed.  The  difference  in  the  color  of  gold  coins  is  caused  by  the  dif- 
ference in  the  comparative  quantity  of  silver  and  copper  used  for  the  alloy.  Thus 
the  present  standard  of  coin  is  900  parts  of  fine  gold  to  100  parts  of  alloy.  The  100 
parts  of  alloy  may  be  entirely  copper,  but  never  are  so  in  fact.  The  law  requires 
that  of  this  100  parts  alloy  not  more  than  50  parts  shall  be  silver.  The  quantity  of 
the  silver  will  determine  the  comparative  paleness  or  ruddiness  of  the  coin.  The 
Mint  practice  is  to  add  100  parts  of  copper  to  900  parts  of  fine  gold,  it  being  supposed 
that  enough  copper  will  oxidize  in  the  melting  to  reduce  the  entire  alloy,  both  copper 
and  silver,  to  100. 

The  same  standard  of  fineness  (900  to  the  1000  parts)  is  preserved  in  the  silver 
coins  of  the  present  day.  There  have  been  several  changes  in  this  respect  in  both 
gold  and  silver  coinage,  which  the  following  will  illustrate : 

WEIGHT  AND  FINENESS  OF  GOLD  COINS. 

Before  July  1, 1834,  gold  coin  was  916§  thousandths  fine,  the  eagle  weighing  270 
grains. 

From  July  1,  1834,  to  January  1,  1837,  gold  coin  was  899^^  thousandths  fine,  the 
eagle  weighing  258  grains. 

Since  January  1,  1837,  gold  coin  was  900  thousandths  fine,  the  eagle  weighing 
258  grains. 

WEIGHT  AND  FINENESS  OF  SILVER  COINS. 

Before  January  1,  1837,  silver  coin  was  892^  thousandths  fine.  One  ounce 
coined  into  $1.15.2-^. 

From  January  1,  1837,  to  July,  1853,  silver  coin  was  900  thousandths  fine.  One 
ounce  coined  into  $1.16.3^. 

Since  July  1,  1853,  silver  coin  was  900  thousandths  fine.  One  ounce  coined  into 
$1.25. 

232 


J»LATE  CXII. 


'•-0  :' 


FINENESS  OF  GOLD  AND  SILVER. 

The  preceding  statement  of  silver  coins  excepts  dollars  since  1853.  They  remain 
of  the  former  weight— 41 2^^  grains — and  are,  therefore,  never  used  for  circulation. 
Three-cent  pieces,  since  July,  1853,  are  of  the  same  fineness  of  silver  with  the  other 
coins.  Before  July,  1853,  they  were  750  thousandths  fine.  It  will  be  observed  that 
a  very  simple  weight  may  be  used  by  persons  not  having  Troy  weights  at  hand. 
Five  new,  uncirculated,  and  clean  quarter  dollars,  since  July,  1853,  weigh  one  ounce 
Troy,  and  of  course  each  weighs  one-fifth  of  an  ounce. 

The  term  carat,  as  applied  to  gold  and  silver,  may  be  interpreted  in  this  way : 
Gold  or  silver  which  is  chemically  pure,  that  is  absolutely  without  alloy,  is  24  carats 
fine,  and  gold  or  silver  12  carats  fine  is  one  half  pure  metal  and  one  half  some  other 
metal  or  metals.  The  other  degrees  of  fineness  in  carats  are  determined  on  the  same 
proportions. 

A  new,  more  convenient,  and  intelligible  nomenclature  has  been  recently  adopted. 
It  is  this :  Gold  or  silver  chemically  pure,  that  is  24  carats  fine,  is  now  called  1000 
fijie.  It  is  understood  as  consisting  of  1000  parts,  all  of  which  are  pure  metal.  If 
600  parts  be  gold  and  500  parts  some  other  metal,  then  the  gold  is  said  to  be  500 
fine,  or  ,g00j  fine,  and  of  course  such  gold  is  equivalent  to  12  carats  fine. 

The  following  table  will  be  convenient  for  reducing  carats  to  thousandths : 

TABLE  OF  CARATS  AND  THOUSANDTHS. 

GOLD  OB  8ILVEE  GALLED 

1  carat  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 41^  thousandths. 

2  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 83^  thousandths. 

3  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 125    thousandths. 

4  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 166f  thousandths. 

6  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 208  J  thousandths. 

6  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 250    thousandths. 

7  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 291f  thousandths. 

8  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 333^  thousandths. 

9  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 375    thousandths. 

10  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 416f  thousandths. 

11  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 458i  thousandths. 

12  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 500    thousandths. 

13  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 541|  thousandths. 

14  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 583^  thousandths. 

15  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 625    thousandths. 

16  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 666|  thousandths. 

17  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 708i  thousandths. 

18  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 750    thousandths. 

19  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 791f  thousandths. 

20  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 833^  thousandths. 

2 1  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 8  75    thousandths. 

22  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 916i  thousandths. 

23  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 958^  thousandths. 

24  carats  should  contain  of  pure  gold  or  silver 1 000    thousandths . 

A  necessary  result  of  this  table  is  the  rule  to  convert  thousandths  into  carats,  viz. : 
Divide  the  number  of  thousandths  by  41i ;  and  to  convert  carats  into  thousandths, 
piultiply  the  number  of  carats  by  4 If. 

Pure  gold,  1000  fine,  is  valued  at  the  United  States  Mint,  per  ounce  Troy,  at 
$20.67.183468. 


Plate  C] 


UNITED  STATES  GOLD  COINAGE. 

To  find  the  value  per  ounce  of  gold  of  any  degree  of  fineness,  specified  in  thou- 
sandths, multiply  the  above  value  by  the  number  of  thousandths.  Thus,  one  ounce 
of  gold  of  900  thousandths  is  worth  $20.67.183468  X.900  =  $18.60.4651212. 

Pure  silver,  1000  fine,  is  valued,  in  purchasing  at  the  Mint,  per  ounce  Troy,  at 
$1.34.444+,  or  $1.34|  exactly. 

The  same  rule  applies  as  given  above  for  gold. 


UNITED  STATES  GOLD  COINAGE. 


TABLE  SHOWING  THE  YEARS  WHEN  GOLD  WAS  COINED. 

[O  indicates  a  coinage ;  N.C.,  none  coined.] 


Years. 

Double 
Eagles. 

Eagles. 

Half 
Eagles. 

Quarter 
Eagles. 

Three 
Dollars. 

Dollars. 

1793 

N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

N.C. 
N.C. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 
N.C. 

0 

0 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

N.C. 

N.C. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 
N.C. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

O 

N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

0 

0 

0 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

0 
N.C. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
.N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

0 
N.C. 
N.C. 

0 

0 

N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

1794 

1795 

1796 

1797 

1798 

1799 

1800 

1801 

1802 

1803 

1804 

1805 

1806 

1807 

1808 

1809 

1810 

1811 

1812 

1813 

1814 

1815 

1816 

1817 

1818 

1819 

1820 

1821 

1822 

1823 

1824 

1825 

236 


Plate  CXIV. 


B5 


% 


Ho^tTtWq 


wmmm 


>^h«^'!^^ 


'M- 


j:p 


XL  2;0Xl!7l7ic5l       ji 


This  Bill  entitles 
the  Bearer  to  re 
ceiv  eTorf  i/(^/iafvJ  S^ 
mil&A  ^nliiirSf  or 
the%/a^  thereof  tn 
CoCdor  dU'ver  ac 

tlon  p'AXicdhy  Son 
^nfi  at^orktoivn 


Q3j.iNnwa 


UNITED  STATES  GOLD  COINAGE. 


Yeai*£ 

1826 

1827 

1828 

1829 , 

1830 , 

1831 

1832 

1833 

1834 , 

1835 , 

1836 

1837 

1838 , 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 , 

1843 

1844 , 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 , 

1850 

1851 , 

1852 , 

1853 

1854 

1855...'..., 

1856 

1857 , 

1858 

1859 


Double 
Eagles. 

N.C. 

N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 


Eagles. 

N.C. 
N.C. 

N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 


Half 
Eagles. 

o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 

0 

o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 


Quarter 
Eagles. 

o 
o 

N.C. 

o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 

N.C. 

o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 


Three 
Dollars. 

N.C. 

N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 


Dollars. 

N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 
N.C. 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

0 


238 


SCALES  FOE  MEASUEING  COINS. 

The  size  of  a  coin  or  medal  is  determined  among  collectors  by  its  diameter.  The 
ordinary  scale  in  use  in  Europe  is  that  known  as  the  Scale  of  Mionnet.  This  is  ar- 
bitrary in  construction,  and  the  collector  can  only  make  use  of  it  by  having  it  always 
with  him.  One  much  more  convenient,  which  we  have  adopted  in  this  volume,  is 
that  of  sixteenths  of  an  inch.  With  this  the  collector  can  determine  the  size  of  a 
coin  wherever  he  can  find  an  ordinary  measuring  rule.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this 
scale  may  be  universally  adopted  and  used  in  America,  where  it  originated  with  the 
Philadelphia  collectors. 

There  are  many  coins  and  medals  closely  resembling  each  other  in  their  designs 
and  inscriptions,  but  differing  in  size.  This  is  true  of  a  large  number  of  American 
political  or  Presidential  medalets  and  tokens. 

In  some  old  works  on  coins  we  find  scales  for  measuring  the  thickness  of  the 
planchet.  This  is,  however,  of  little  use,  because  the  thickness  of  ancient  coins  va- 
ries according  to  the  amount  of  corrosion  they  have  undergone,  and  a  difference  in 
this  respect,  in  either  an  ancient  or  a  modem  coin,  can  hardly  be  said  to  make  a 
variety  in  the  specimens. 


SCALE  OF  MIONNET. 
[In  general  use  in  Europe.] 


1 

2          3      4 

fi 

f 

7 

8  9  10    111 

2  131415 161T  1R  1!>       -20 

J 

L 

J       -. 

\       {. 

>       t 

i    V 

1 

U 

-  1 

„ 

.^ 

O   i 

0  . 

,   . 

s  . 

•iM 

SCALE  or  SIXTEENTHS  OF  AN  INCH. 
[Adopted  in  this  Volume,  and  now  much  used  in  America.] 

2  4  r.  8  10  1?  14  ir>  IS  20  2-2  24  96  28  30  32  34  S6  38  40  42  44  46  48  50  52  54  56  58  60  62  64 


2  4  6  8  10  12  14  16  18  2U  22  24  26  28  30  32  34 

239 


38  40  42  44  46  48  50  52  54  56  58  60  62  64 


PRICES 


OF  UNITED  STATES  SILVER  AND  COPPER  COINS  AT  RECENT  SALES 

BY  AUCTION. 

# 

[p.  indicates  proof  coins ;  u.  uncirculated  coins.     Blanks  indicate 
either  no  coinage,  or  no  sales  by  wliich  to  establish  prices.] 


Years. 

1793 

1794 , 

1795 , 

1796 , 

1797 , 

1798 

1799 

1800 

1801 

1802 

1803 

1804 

1805 

1806 

1807 

1808 , 

1809 

1810 

1811 

1812 

1813 

1814 

1815 

1816 

1817 

1818 

1819 

1820 

1821 

1822 

1823 

1824 

1825 

1826 

1827 

1828 

1829 

1830 

1831 


Dollars. 

Half 
Dollars. 

Quarter 
Dollars. 

Dimes. 

Half 
Dimes. 

Cents. 

Half 
Cents, 

$10.00 

$4.13 

$7.50 

ei.25 

$2.13 

1.00 

1.00 

1.25 

1.25 

.55 

u.  11.00 

.75 

1.25 

17.00 

$2.50 

$2.25 

2.00 

u.  4.50 

12.00 

1.25 

23.00 

1.00 

u.  4.00 

1.00 

1.25 

2.38 

u.  2.50 

1.25 

11.00 

1.25 

.50 

.55 

u.  2.00 

.70 

1.25 

1.00 

2.00 

2.10 

u.  2.00 

1.25 

1.00 

.50 

u.  2.63 

2.13 

1.25 

1.00 

1.00 

2.50 

.75 

.30 

.95 

7.50 

8.00 

1.38 

1.00 

.35 

.50 

.80 

.45 

.75 

.35 

u.  3.75 

.30 

.75 

.35 

.55 

u.  2.13 

.25 

.65 

1.00 

.40 

1.20 

.45 

p.  4.50 

.30 

.60 

.70 

.70 

.60 

u.  2.00 

1.88 

.60 

1.00 

.60 

U..2.00 

.75 

.20 

.80 

3.00 

.50 

.80 

.75 

.80 

.75 

.50 

.30 

.75 

.30 

1.60 

1.10 

.35 

1.25 

u.  2.55 

.75 

.35 

.70 

p.  8.00 

.70 

.60 

1.75 

1.00 

.75 

25.00 

.15 

.80 

.55 

.75 

.15 

u.  2.13 

.60 

.35 

1.50 

u.  3.25 

.22 

.60 

u.  3.00 

.22 

.85 

.15 

u.  4.00 

.60 

.35 

.15 

1.13 

.22 

.55 

.15 

.55 

p.  5.13 

.22 

.65 

.15 

.25  V 

u.  2.00 

.60 

.35 

.25 

.12 

p.  3.25 

p.  10.50 

240 


PRICES  OF  UNITED  STATES  SILVER  AND  COFrEH.—{Continwd.) 


Years. 

Dollars. 

Halt- 
Dollars. 

Quarter 
Dollars. 

Dimes. 

Half 
DimeB. 

Cents. 

Half 

Cents. 

1832 

$1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.50 
1.75 
1.25 
1.25 
15.00 
15.00 
1.25 
3.00 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
5.00 
1.25 

$   .60 
.55 
.55 
.80 
.70 
.70 
.55 
.60 
.65 
.75 
.70 
.65 
.60 
.80 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.80 
1.20 
1.35 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 

$  .35 
.75 
.25 
.50 
.35 
.45 
.45 
.60 
.35 
.35 
.30 
.35 
.40 
.30 
.50 
.40 
.70 
.40 
.35 
.50 
.65 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 

$  .12 
.25 
.25 
.45 
.50 

p.  .75 
.25 
.45 
.60 
.65 
.20 
.45 
.20 
.15 
.80 
.12 
.12 
.12 
.12 
.12 
.45 
1.10 
.10 
.10 
.10 
.10 
.10 
.10 

$  .12 
.50 
.30 
.12 
.13 
.25 
.15 
.15 
.30 
.10 
.10 
.30 
.16 
.25 
1.20 
.40 
.30 
.25 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.95 
.05 
.05 
.06 
.05 
.05 
.05 

u.  $4.00 
u.  1.75 
u.  1.25 
u.  1.85 

.65 
p.  3.00 

.55 
u.  1.62 
p.  5.00 
p.  3.38 
u.  2.50 
p.  4.00 
u.  2.13 
u.  1.25 
u.  1.88 
p.  4.88 
p.  4.50 
u.  1.13 
u.    .40 

.35 
u.  .35 
u.  .15 
p.  4.00 
p.  3.50 
p.  2.37 
p.  2.25 
p.  .15 
p.    .10 

$  .25 

p.     .25 

.25 

.25 

p.  5.25 

p.  4.50 

p.  9.50 

p.  4.00 

p.  5.00 

p.  4.76 

p.  8.76' 

p.  8.25 

p.  6.76 

.26 

p.  1.10 

.05 

p.  6.60 

.46 

.05 

.05 

p.  1.10 

p.    .65 

1833 

1834 

1835           •. 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839             

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1845     

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850..    

1851 

1852 

1853 

1854 

1855 

1856 

1857 

1858 

1859 

241 


EEMAEKS  ON  PEICES  OF  COmS,  MEDALS,  MEDAL- 

ETS,  ETC. 

The  tables  which  follow  can  not,  for  various  reasons,  be  perfect.  They  are  made 
up  from  recent  sales  at  auction  and  in  private,  and  the  prices  stated  have  in  most 
instances  been  paid  for  the  coins.  But  few  coins,  medals,  or  tokens  have  as  yet  a 
fixed  market  value  in  this  country.  The  first  table  which  we  present,  of  the  com- 
parative prices  at  diff'erent  sales,  will  illustrate  this ;  and  on  many  of  these  coins  the 
prices  have  more  than  doubled  since  the  last-mentioned  sale,  as  indicated  by  our 
estimated  prices  in  the  other  tables.  Much  of  the  difference  in  prices  may  be  owing 
to  the  condition  of  the  pieces ;  but  many  pieces  have  doubled  or  trebled  in  value 
within  a  few  months  from  the  sudden  demands  of  inexperienced  collectors,  while 
others  have  as  greatly  depreciated.  And  the  prices  vary  in  different  cities.  There 
are  an  immense  number  of  medals,  medalets,  tokens,  etc.,  to  which  we  have  made  no 
allusion  in  the  tables.  They  are  omitted,  because  any  attempt  to  assign  to  them  a 
value,  in  a  book  which  is  designed  to  be  of  permanent  use,  would  be  more  likely  to 
mislead  than  to  aid  a  collector.  Many  of  those  which  we  have  mentioned  have  been 
or  will  be  restruck,  and  will  thus  become  common.  It  is  by  no  means  to  be  regretted 
that  they  are  so  made  plenty.  No  collector  has  a  right  to  complain.  If  he  has  fool- 
ishly paid  an  extravagant  price  for  a  medal  or  token  struck  within  a  few  years,  re- 
lying on  the  dies  having  disappeared,  he  has  taken  the  risk,  and  must  be  content  to 
let  others  supply  themselves  from  the  dies  if  found.  The  absurdities  into  which 
American  collectors  have  been  led,  by  the  mere  desire  to  possess  rare  pieces  of 
stamped  metal,  have  been  well  checked  by  the  reproduction  from  original  dies  of 
these  highly-prized  trifles.  It  should  rather  be  a  subject  of  congratulation  that  coins 
or  medals  of  comparative  rarity  are  multiplied  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  all  collect- 
ors. But  these  reasons  explain  the  imperfections  of  the  price  tables.  It  will  be 
many  years  before  such  tables  can  be  more  than  a  temporary  assistance. 

We  have  given  the  prices  of  very  few  medals.  Few  have  been  sold  at  public  or 
private  sales,  and  we  have  preferred  to  reserve  a  full  table  of  prices  of  American 
medals  for  a  future  edition  of  the  present  work. 

EXPLANATION  OF  THE  TABLES. 

In  the  tables  the  scale  used  to  measure  sizes  is  the  scale  of  sixteenths  of  an  inch. 
A  medalet  of  size  16  is  one  inch  in  diameter.  The  metals  are  indicated  thus:  c, 
copper;  b.,  brass ;  w.  m.,  white  metal ;  G. s.,  German  silver. 

242 


TABLE 

SHOWING  THE  COMPARATIVE    PRICES  OF   CERTAIN    MEDALS  AND 
COINS  AT  VARIOUS  SALES  HELD  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY. 


February 
28,  H59 

rd,'.' 

June  7, 
1859. 

June  21, 
ISM. 

;  Novem'r 
2,  1859. 

1.  Erie  Canal  medal,  by  Wright 

f2. 

3.50 

3. 

3.75 
15. 

8. 

2.50 

1.76 

3.25 

2. 

3. 

5.50 

1.75 

3.25 

2.25 

1.75 

3. 

10.60 
17. 

2.75 
67. 
1. 

2.37 
1.60 
1.75 
3.50 

3. 

1.75 
3.75 
.37 
2. 

4. 

4.50 
3.75 
13. 

$7. 

3.50 

.75 

1.87 

1. 
3. 

2.60 

.55 
3.12 
5.25 

$4. 

2. 
1.50 

4.60 

.65 
.50 

1.12 
.75 

2.50 

2.50 

.10 

1.75 

6. 

4.76 

$4.75 

4. 

3.60 
1.75 

3.50 
6. 

4.12 

.50 
1.25 

.62 

2.87 
3.50 
.25 
2.50 
7.05 
3.75 

$4. 

4. 

21. 

10. 

2.76 

4.25 
2. 

1. 

1.75 

6. 

4. 

1.75 

2.60 

3.26 

5. 

.56 

.55 

.50 

2.50 

.26 
1.26 

j 

2.  Masonic  medal  of  Franklin 

3.  Henrv  Clay  (small  medal) 

4.  Webster,  by  Wright 

6.  Clay,  by  Wright  (the  large  medal) 

6.  Washington,  by  Wright ;  reverse,  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence 

7.  Washington,  Manley  medal 

8.  Washington,  Sansom  medal 

9.  Washington  before  Boston 

10.  Washington,  by  Wyon 

11.  New  Haven  medal 

12.  Hemdon  medal 

13.  De  Fleury  medal 

14.  Paul  Jones 

15.  Gates 

16.  Morgan 

17.  William  Washington 

18.  Washington  Alston  (bronze) 

19.  Washington  Alston  (silver) 

20.  Cyrus  W.  Field  (silver) 

21.  Cyrus  W.  Field  (bronze) 

22.  Mexican  volunteer 

23.  Howard  Association 

24.  Ludovicus  Warrington 

25.  Washington  cent,  1791,  large  eagle 

26.  Washington  cent,  1791,  small  eagle 

27.  Washington  half  penny,  1793  ;  reverse,  a 

ship 

28.  Washington  half  dollar,  1792 

29.  Washington  token,  1783,  Unity  States 

30.  Washington  token,  1783,  United  States.... 

31.  Washington  token,  1783,  small  head 

32.  Washington  token,  1783,  double  head 

33.  Washington ;  Liberty  and  Security,  large. 

34.  Washington ;  Liberty  and  Security,  small 

35.  Washington  token ;  Success  to  the  United 

States 

36.  Washington  grate 

37.  Washington  North  Wales 

38.  New  Jersey 

39.  Virginia 

40.  U.  S.  A.  bar  cent 

41.  Pine-tree  shilling 

43.  Pine-tree  threepence  

45.  Chalmers  shilling 

243 


PRICES  OF  MEDALS  AND  COINS. 


February 
28, 1859. 

May  4, 
1869. 

June  7, 
1859. 

June  31, 
1859. 

Novem'r 
2,  1859. 

$3.25 
8. 

14.50 
2.75 
2.75 
2.75 
6. 

2.75 
1.50 

1.37 

5.25 

.75 

3. 

.62 
2.75 
5.25 

.50 
4.50 

$4.12 
2.25 

.30 
.50 

.50 
2.12 

.65 

.60 
2.50 

.35 

$2.13 
1.75 

6.50 

1.50 
1.75 

.75 

.75 

3.00 

.10 

.62 
3.25 

.60 
1.50 
5.25 

.20 

$3.25 

5.50 
13. 

1.75 
2.12 
4.25 

.37 
1. 

4. 
2.75 

.62 
2. 
1.12 

.50 

.10 
2.75 
5.50 

.50 

$3.25 
3.75 

2. 

.30 

.62 

2.25 

.31 

1.75 
.02 

.07 
2.25 

.15 

17. 

48.  Franco- Americana  Castor-land,  silver 

49.  Franco- Americana  Castor-land,  copper... 
fiO    (rranbv  coDDcr    

5 1    Louisiana  piece,  1 72 1 

54.  Rosa  Americana  penny,  without  date 

5.5    Rosa  Americana  nennv.  1723 

56    Rosa  Americana  half  penny,  1722 

57.  Rosa  Americana  half  penny,  1723 

58.  Rosa  Americana  farthing,  1722 

59    Rosa  Americana  farthing,  1723 

60.  Massachusetts  cent,  1787 

61.  Massachusetts  cent,  1788 

62.  Massachusetts  half  cent,  1 787 

63.  Massachusetts  half  cent,  1 788 

64.  Vermon  Auctori 

65.  Vermonts  Respublica 

66.  Vermon tensium  Respublica 

67.  Nova  Constellatio 

68.  Pitt  token;  no  stamps,  1766 

69.  New  England  elephant  piece 

70.  Auctori.  Connec 

71.  Nova  Eborac 

72.  Immunis  Columbia 

73.  Fugio  coppers 

74.  Continental  pewter  money 

75.  New  York  Excelsior  copper;  rev.,  an  eagle 

UlSnTED  STATES  MINT  PATTERN,  TRIAL,  OR  EX- 
PERIMENTAL  PIECES, 

WITH  PRICES  LATELY  REALIZED. 

1792.  Disme $15. 

1792.  Half  disme 15. 

1792.  Large  copper;  Liberty,  Parent  of  Science  and  Industry 66.50 

1792.  Small  copper,  like  the  last 50. 

1792.  Like  the  last,  with  silver  centre-piece 50. 

1792.  Copper,  eagle  piece.     No  sales. 

1836.  Silver  dollar,  flying  eagle 9. 

1836.  Silver  dollar,  flying  eagle,  with  engraver's  name  in  the  field  {Gobrexht)  25. 

1836.  Gold  dollar,  Liberty-cap,  etc — 

1836.  Gold  dollar,  alloyed  with  silver 12. 

1836.  Two-cent  piece ;  nickel,  edge  plain 5. 

1836.  The  same,  with  milled  edge 2.50 

1836.  The  same,  in  copper 3.75 

1836.  Medalets — first  steam  coinage;  three  varieties 3. 

244 


PATTERN  AND  TRIAL  mECES.— (Continued.) 

1838.  Flying-eagle  silver  dollar ^16, 

1838.  Half  dollar,  flying  eagle 7.50 

1838.  Half  dollar,  spread  eagle 7. 

1839.  Silver  dollar 20. 

1839.  Half  dollar 31.50 

1849.  Three-cent  pieces:  (1)  Liberty  seated;  (2)  Liberty  seated,  lU. ;  (3) 

Liberty-cap  and  rays;  each 3. 

1850.  Three-cent  pieces ;  Liberty-cap,  etc 3. 

1850.  Ring  cent :  (1)  with  date ;  (2)  without  date ;  struck  in  nickel  and  also 

in  copper;  each 2.50 

1851.  Cent,  Liberty  seated 4.25 

1852.  Gold  ring  dollar 16. 

1852.  Gold  ring  half  dollar 14. 

1852.  Gold  ring  dollar,  struck  in  silver 8. 

1853.  Cent;  Liberty-head^  nickel 3.50 

1854.  Cent;  Liberty-head,  nickel 1.50 

1854.  Flying-eagle  cent  (varieties) 3. 

1855.  Flying-eagle  cents ;  two  sizes,  and  various  ]jroportions  of  nickel  and 

copper,  making  eight  or  ten  varieties;  each $1  to  2.50 

1856.  Cents,  nickel  size,  two  varieties 2. 

1856.  Half  cent,  struck  in  nickel 3.50 

1857.  Quarter  eagle,  in  copper 3.25 

1858.  Quarter  dollar 23. 

1858.  Nickel  cents,  twelve  varieties ;  each ." 1.50 

1859.  Nickel  cent,  with  reverse  of  1860 1.50 

1859.  Mule  half  dollar ;  head  of  Liberty ;  reverse,  spread  eagle ;  silver  and 

copper;  each 6.00 

1869.  Half  dollars,  four  varieties,  in  silver  and  copper;  each 2.60 


COLONIAL  AND  KAEE  AMERICAN  COINS, , 

WITH  PRICES  ESTIMATED  FROM  LATE  SALES. 

(Prices  vary  according  to  condition  of  the  pieces ;  but  pieces  must  be  in  fair  condi- 
tion to  bring  the  lowest  price  named.) 

1.  Somer  Islands  or  Bermuda  coin,  no  sale. 

2.  New  England  shilling  and  sixpence,  $20  to  $25  each. 

3.  Massachusetts  Pine-tree,   Oak-tree,    and  other  varieties;    shilling,   sixpence, 

threepence,  and  twopence,  $4  and  $5  each. 

4.  Good  Samaritan  shilling  (doubtful),  no  sale. 

5.  Lord  Baltimore  shilling,  sixpence,  and  groat,  $75  the  set. 

6.  Lord  Baltimore  penny,  no  sale. 

7.  James  II.  tin  piece,  $2  to  $3. 

8.  Carolina  elephant  piece,  no  sales,  probably  worth  $30  or  $40. 

9.  New  England  elephant  piece,  no  sales,  worth  $30  to  $50. 

10.  Louisiana  copper  piece  of  1721,  1722,  and  brass  piece  of  1767,  $2.50  to  $7.50 

each. 

11.  Rosa  Americana  pieces — 


1722.  Penny  without  crown $4. 

1722.  Half  penny  without  crown.     4 

1722.  Half  penny,  vtile  dulci 4.75 

1722.  Farthing  Americana,  with- 
out crown 5. 


1723.  Penny,  crowned $7.25 

1723.  Half  penny,  crowned 4.75 

1723.  Farthing  Americana, 

crowned 6. 

1733.  Penny 5. 


1722.  Farthing  Ameri 5.25  Penny  without  date 7.50 

245 


COLONIAL  corns.— {Continued.) 

12.  Granby  or  Higley  copper,  five  varieties,  1737,  $13  to  $25. 

13.  Pitt  or  No  Stamps  token,  1766,  $3  to  $7. 

14.  Virginia  halfpenny,  1773,  two  sizes,  $2  to  $4. 

15.  Continental  pewter  piece,  two  varieties,  $3  to  $6. 

16.  Janus-head  copper  of  1776  (doubtful),  no  sale. 

17.  Massachusetts  copper  piece  of  1776,  Liberty  and  Virtue,  no  sale. 

18.  Massachusetts  copper  of  1776,  American  Liberty,  no  sale. 

19.  Massachusetts  copper  of  1776 ;  obverse,  an  eagle ;  reverse,  a  shield  and  arms ; 

no  sale. 

20.  U.  S.  A.  copper,  with  thirteen  bars,  $5  to  $9. 

21.  NoN  dependens  status  copper,  no  sale. 

22.  Nova  Constellatio  coppers,  many  varieties,  $0.50  to  $1. 

23.  Immune  Columbia  pieces,  silver  and  gold,  no  sale. 

24.  Immune  Columbia  copper ;  reverse,  Nova  Constellatio,  $35. 

25.  Georgius  Triumpho,  $3. 

26.  Chalmers  Annapolis  shilling,  $8. 

27.  Chalmers  sixpence  and  threepence,  $15  each. 

28.  Confederatio  copper  (two  varieties  known),  no  sale. 

29.  Vermonts  Respublica  copper,  $1.75. 

30.  Vermontis  Respublica  copper,  $2.50. 

81.  Vermontensium  Respublica  copper,  $1  to  $3. 

32.  Vermon  Auctori  coppers  (many  varieties  in  1787  and  1788),  $0.50  to  $1. 

33.  Vermon  Auctori  baby-head  (so  called),  $2. 

34.  Georgius  III.  Rex,  with  reverse  Inde.  et  Lib.,  $0.50  to  $1. 

35.  Vermon  Auctori ;  reverse,  Brittania,  50  cents. 

36.  Connecticut  coppers,  an  immense  variety  in  1785, 1786, 1787, 1788,  $0.10  to  $2. 

(The  Auctori  Connect.,  the  Et  Lib.  Inde.,  and  other  rare  and  odd  varieties, 
bring  prices  varying  from  $1  to  $2.  The  Et  Lib.  Inde.  of  1786  is  more  rare 
than  of  1787.) 

37.  Auctori  plebis  copper,  $5. 

38.  New  Jersey  coppers,  a  large  variety  in  1786,  1787, 1788,  $0.25  to  $1.    The  one 

with  horse's  head  to  the  left  brings  $2.50;  the  E  Pluribs,  $2  to  $3. 

39.  New  York  gold  coin.  Nova  Eboraca  Columbia  Excelsior,  no  sale. 

40.  New  York  eagle  piece;  reverse,  arms  of  the  State,  $25. 

4L  New  York  copper  coins ;  obverse,  Nova  Eborac  ;  reverse,  Virt.  et  Lib. ;  two  va- 
rieties, $2  to  $4.    . 

42.  Neo  eboracensis,  or  New  York  Washington  piece,  $25. 

43.  Immunis  Columbia  copper,  $10. 

44.  Liber  natus  Libertatem  defendo,  New  York  copper,  two  varieties,  no  sale. 

45.  George  Clinton  copper,  no  sale. 

46.  Fugio,  or  Mind  your  Business  copper,  several  varieties,  10  to  50  cents. 

47.  Kentucky  copper  (so  called),  two  varieties,  lettered  edge  and  plain  edge,  $3.25. 

48.  Massachusetts  cent,  1787  and  1788,  $0.25  to  $1. 

49.  Massachusetts  half  cents  of  1787  and  1788,  $3. 

50.  Myddleton  token,  copper,  of  Kentucky,  no  sale. 

51.  Myddleton  token  in  silver,  $35. 

52.  Danske  Americansk,  copper  and  silver,  several  sizes  and  varieties,  25  to  50  cents. 

53.  Franco  Americana  Colonia,  copper,  $3 ;  silver,  $5.     This  piece  is  struck  to  or- 

der in  France,  and  a  new  supply  is  constantly  sent  to  America. 

54.  North  American  token,  25  cents. 

246 


WASHiisrGTOisr  corns,  medals,  and  tokens, 

WITH  PRICES. 
(Many  varieties  are  omitted  because  no  sales  have  been  made.) 


10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
U. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 

22. 


24. 

25. 
26. 
27. 

28. 
29. 


31. 
32. 

33. 

34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 


Washington  and  Ind.  token,  1783 ;  Unity  States,  etc. 

Similar  token ;  United  States 

Washington  double-head  token 

Washington  and  Ind.  ;  small  military  bust 

Washington  cent  of  1791,  large  eagle,  in  ordinary  condition, 

$5,  fine  proof 
Washington  cent,  1791,  small  eagle 
Washington  cent,  1791,  small  eagle,  different  variety 
Washington  half  dollar,  1 792 
Washington  half  dollar  struck  in  copper  (commonly  called 

the  large  eagle  cent  of  1792),  is  worth  from  $40  upward; 

a  splendid  proof  brought 
Washington  cent,  1792,  small  eagle 
Liberty  and  Security  medal,  large  size,  head  to  left 
Liberty  and  Security,  small,  head  to  right 
Washington  token.  North  Wales 
Liverpool  half  pennies,  several  varieties  of  ships 
He  is  in  Glory,  the  World  in  Tears  copper 

The  same  in  white  metal 
Washington  token ;  reverse,  a  grate 
Medalet,  with  Courage  and  Fidelity,  etc. 
Washington  medal ;  Keunit  par  un  rare,  etc. 
Washington  before  Boston  medal 
Washington  President;  reverse,  Genl.  of  the  Am.  Armies, 

1775,  resigned,  etc.  •       c. 

Greo.  Washington,  bom  Virginia,  Feb.  11,  1732 ;  reverse  like 

the  last  c. 

George  Washington;  obverse,  14  Dec,  1799,  head  with  cu- 
rious wig ;  reverse.  Late  President,  etc.  c. 
George  Washington,  by  Davis ;  reverse,  arms  of  New  York 

w.  m. 
George  Washington  ;  Success  to  the  United  States  b. 

The  same  token  in  several  sizes  and  varieties,  each  b. 

Washington  medal  (Eccleston) 

Washington  medal  (Sansom)  bronze 

Washington  medal  (Sansom)  w.  m. 

Centennial  medal,  struck  and  distributed  in  civic  procession, 

February  22,  1832  c. 

The  same  w.  m. 

Washington  Benevolent  Society;  bust  of  Washington  on  a 

pedestal,  1808  silver 

George  Washington ;  head  to  left,  w.  Ft.  wright  a  bale  ; 

reverse.  Born  Feb.  22d,  1732,  etc.  bronze 

The  same  in  silver 
The  same  in  white  metal 

The  same,  plain  reverse,  also  wreath  reverse       silver  &  w.  m. 
Washington  Temperance  Society ;  reverse,  the  pledge    b.  &  c. 

247 


18 

$1.25 

18 

1.25 

18 

1.25 

18 

1.25 

19 

9. 

19 

26. 

19 

no  sale. 

21 

57. 

21 

64. 

19 

no  sale. 

22 

4. 

18 

5.50 

18 

6. 

19 

4.35 

19 

6.50 

3. 

18 

2.50 

7. 

24 

7.50 

5. 

12. 

7. 

8.50 

16 

2. 

16 

5. 

5. 

9. 

26 

5.50 

2. 

20 

2. 

1. 

27i 

4. 

29 

5. 

10. 

3. 

no  sales. 

27 

1.50 

WASHINGTON  COINS  AND  TOKENS.— {Continued.) 


38.  Washington  Temperance  Society ;  reverse,  the  pledge   w.  m. 

39.  The  same ;  reverse,  House  of  Temperance ;  same  metals  and 

same  prices. 

40.  Washington  Temperance  Society ;  reverse,  head  of  Frank- 

lin, etc.  w.  m. 

41.  Washington  Temperance  Benevolent   Society;   reverse,  a 

fountain  w.  m. 

42.  Washington  surrounded  by  seven  other  Presidents ;  reverse, 

names  of  Presidents  to  Van  Buren,  inclusive  bronze 

43.  The  same  w.  m. 

44.  Washington's  head ;  The  Union  must,  etc. ;  reverse,  buck, 

cannon,  etc.  bronze 

45.  The  same  w.  m. 

46.  G.  Washington;  bust  surrounded  by  names  of  Presidents 

and  Lafayette ;  reverse,  an  eagle  covering  the  field,  Inde- 
pendence, all  men  are  free,  etc.,  1834  (very  rare)       lead 

47.  The  Father  of  his  Country ;  reverse,  national  monument 

w.  m. 

48.  George  Washington ;  reverse,  Washington  on  horseback 

silver 

49.  The  same  c. 

50.  George  Washington ;  born,  etc.,  died,  etc.  (Lovett's  dies) 

silver 
61.  The  same  c. 

52.  The  same  w.  m. 

53.  Geo.  Washington ;  North  Point  and  Fort  M 'Henry      silver 

54.  The  same  c. 

55.  Genl.  Washington ;  reverse,  an  eagle  b. 

56.  Genl.  Washington ;  reverse,  head  of  Liberty  b. 

57.  Other  varieties  and  sizes  of  these  tokens,  with  the  Capitol,  the 

New  York  City  Hall,  etc.,  etc.,  ten  varieties  in  all  b. 

58.  George  Washington  on  horseback ;  carry  me  to  Atwood's, 

etc.  ;  three  varieties,  now  highly  prized,  each  c. 

59.  Washington  Temperance  Benevolent  Society ;  We  serve  the 

Tyrant  Alcohol  no  longer  silver 

60.  Head  of  Washington ;  reverse,  Wright  &  Bale,  Die-cutters, 

etc.  c. 

61.  Washington  and  Lafayette ;  reverse,  Par  nobile  fratrum 

silver 

62.  The  same  copper 

63.  The  same  w.  m. 

64.  Washington  and  Franklin ;  same  reverse,  same  metals,  sizes, 

and  prices. 

65.  Washington ;  reverse,  Franklin  silver 

66.  The  same  in  copper  and  white  metal,  each 

67.  Head  of  Washington;    store-card  of  Abrahams,  Weston, 

Missouri  b. 

68.  The  same ;  Independence,  Missouri  b. 

69.  Washington  on  horseback  before  Boston ;  reverse,  R.  Lovett, 

Jr.,  Die-sinker,  etc.  G.  s. 

70.  The  same  w.  m. 

71.  Washington;  head  in  an  oval;  reverse,  head  of  Jackson  in 

an  oval ;  Wolf,  Clark,  &  Spies'  card  b. 

72.  The  same  ;  Jackson's  bust  in  an  octagon,  and  the  word  over 

it  President  b. 

73.  The  same  ;  head  of  George  IV.  b. 

74.  Washington  on  horseback ;  reverse,  a  movable  calendar    b. 

248 


Size. 

I'rice. 

$     .75 

1. 

14 

.40 

21 

2. 
1.50 

30 

2. 
1.25 

32 

no  sales. 

25 

.75 

20 

14.50 

2.88 

20 

20 

17 
17 

1.25 
.30 
.30 

1.50 
.40 
.18 
.18 

.18 

15 

5. 

13^ 

3.50 

12 

5. 

18 

2.75 
1.50 
1. 

m 

1.50 
1. 

18 
18 

1.50 
1.50 

20 

.25 
.25 

16i 

4. 

16^ 
16i 

4. 
4. 
.50 

WASHINGTON  COINS  AND  TOKENS.— (Continued.) 


Size. 

Price. 

75.  Copies  of  the  half  dollar  of  1792,  from  die  cut  in  Philadel- 

phia                                                                           silver 

$3.25 

76.  The  same  in  copper  and  brass 

.50 

77.  Washington  medalet  issued  at  United  States  Mint  in  connec- 

tion with  the  Washington  Cabinet ;  George  Washington ; 

reverse,  Time  increases  his  Fame                              silver 

18 

4. 

78.  The  same                                                                             c. 

3. 

79.  Another ;  Pater  Patriae ;  reverse,  a  Memorial  of  the  Wash- 

ington Cabinet,  etc.                                                    silver 

14 

4. 

80.  The  same                                                                              c. 

3. 

81.  Another;  obverse,  head  of  Washington;  reverse,  bom  1732, 

died  1799                                                                    silver 

12 

4. 

82.  The  same                                                                             c. 

3. 

83.  Washington  token ;  Baker,  music,  etc.                                b. 

12 

no  sale. 

84.  Several  varieties  of  Washington  tokens,  cut  by  Bale  &  Smith, 

all  rare  and  highly  prized. 

85.  Patriae  Pater,  1732 ;  Providence  left  him  Childless,  etc.     c. 

18^ 

.90 

86.  Pater  Patriae ;  Good  for  a  Chance  in  Raffle,  etc.               c. 

13 

.80 

PEESIDENTIAL  AND  ELECTION  MEDALS  AND 
MEDALETS. 


Size. 

Price. 

JACKSON. 

1.  Andrew  Jackson;  reverse,  an  urn,  willow-tree,  etc.,  bom, 

etc.,  died,  etc.                                                               w.m. 

2.  Andrew  Jackson ;  an  eagle ;  reverse,  The  gallant  and  suc- 

cessful Defender,  etc.                                                   w.m. 

3.  Andrew  Jackson;  reverse,  The  Union  must  and  shall  be 

Preserved — the  Bank  must  Perish                                    c. 

4.  Andrew  Jackson,   President;   reverse,  Elected  a.d.   1828, 

etc.— We  Commemoat  the  glorious  Victories,  etc.  b.  and  c. 

5.  Andrew  Jackson,  Prest.  of  the  U.  S. ;  otherwise  like  the 

last                                                                                      b. 

6.  Andrew  Jackson,  President  of  the  U.  S. ;  reverse,  Elected 

A.D.  1829,  etc.                                                                   b. 

7.  Genl.  Andrew  Jackson,  Hero  of  New  Orleans                   b. 

249 

18 

28 

17 

17 

17 

17 
16 

$1. 
1. 
2. 
.25 
.55 

.30 

.40     1 

ELECTION  MEDALETS.—iContimied.) 


I    .Size. 


8.  And.  Jackson,  President  of  the,  etc. ;  reverse,  The  gallant 

and  successful  Defender  of  New  Orleans  b. 

9.  Genl.  Andrew  Jackson,  The  Nation's  Pride  b 

10.  Genl.  Andrew  Jackson,  The  Nation's  Good  b. 

11.  Obverse,  a  head  of  Jackson ;  reverse.  And.  Jackson  inaugu 

rated  Presidt.  U.  S.,  etc.  silver 

12.  Andrew  Jackson,  Pres.  of  the  U.  S. ;  reverse,  eagle,  8  Jan 

1815  b. 

13.  A  head  of  Jackson  in  an  oval,  Jackson  over  the  head ;  re 

verse,  Washington  in  an  oval ;  card  of  Wolfe,  Clarke,  & 
Spies  b 

14.  Similar  to  last,  but  head  of  Jackson  in  an  octagon,  and 

President  over  the  head  b. 

15.  Andrew  Jackson  on  horseback;  reverse,  The  Advocate  of 

the  American  System  w.  m. 


HARRISON. 


1.  Maj.  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison ;  reverse,  a  log  cabin  and  flag  on 

it,  eagle  lighting,  four  soldiers  standing  in  a  row,  The 
People's  Choice,  etc.  w,  m. 

2.  William  H.  Harrison,  the  Hero  and  Statesman;  reverse, 

Candidate  of  the  People  b. 

3.  William  Henry  Harrison ;  reverse,  Bunker  Hill  Monument, 

Harrison  Jubilee,  Bunker  Hill,  Sept.  10,  1840  w.  m. 

4.  Maj.  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison  (Turpin  engraver) ;  reverse,  scales, 

Locos,  Wigs,  Weighed  in  the  Balance,  etc.  b. 

5.  Major  Gen.  Wm.  H.  Harrison;  reverse,  Resolution  of  Con- 

gress, etc.  c. 

6.  Maj.  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison ;  reverse,  an  eagle  with  a  ribbon 

inscribed  Tippecanoe  b. 

7.  Maj.  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison ;  reverse,  a  log  cabin,  etc..  The 

People's  Choice,  etc.,  six  soldiers  in  a  row  w.  m. 

8.  Maj.  Genl.  W.  H.  Harrison ;  reverse,  scales.  Democrats, 

Whigs,  Weighed  in  the  Balance  and  found  wanting       b. 

9.  Maj.  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison;  reverse,  a  battle,  Harrison  on 

horseback,  Tippecanoe  b. 

10.  Maj.  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison ;  reverse,  Go  it  Tip,  come  it  Ty- 

ler c. 

11.  The  same  in  brass 

12.  Maj.  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison ;  reverse,  a  steamboat.  Steamboat 
Van  Buren,  Locofoco  Line,  for  Salt  River  direct  b 

13.  Maj.  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison;  reverse,  a  log  cabin,  The  Peo- 
ple's Choice,  the  Hero  of  Tippecanoe  b.  and  c. 

14.  Similar  to  the  last,  but  under  the  head  March  4,  1841,  ^e 
redeems  his  Country  b. 

15.  Same  as  No.  13,  except  in  size  and  metal  w.  m. 

16.  Maj.  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison ;  reverse,  He  leaves  the  Plough 
to  save  his  Country  b. 

250 


15^ 

$     .75 
.55 
.50 

11 

3. 

16^ 

.20 

16 

4. 

16 

4. 

24 

.65 

22 


16 


26^ 


16 


16 


24 


15 

15 

16^ 
16^ 

15 

18 

18 
24 

18 


1.25 
.45 

1.50 
.20 

1.20 
.25 

1.70 

.50 

.50 

.25 
.50 

.30 

.25 

.35 
1.50 

.37 


ELECTION  MEDALKTS.— {Continued.) 


Price. 


17.  Maj.  Genl.  W.  H.  Harrison;  reverse,  a  log  cabin,  etc.,  The 

Choice  of  the  People,  etc.  b. 

18.  Like  No.  17 ;  but  reverse,  The  People's  Choice  in  the  Year 

1840  b. 

19.  Like  No.  18,  but  the  bust  has  a  full  face  b. 

20.  Like  No.  18 ;  reverse,  date  reads  1841  b. 

21.  Genl.  W.  H.  Hanison,  Honor  where  Honor  is  due ;  reverse. 

Bunker  Hill  Monument 

22.  William  H.  Harrison,  Head  facing  the  right ;  reverse,  Born, 

etc.  w-  na* 


VAN  BUREN. 

1.  The  Sober  Second  Thoughts,  etc. ;  reverse,  eagle  and  safe 

The  Independent  Sub  Treasury,  etc.  c 

2.  The  same  in  brass 

3.  Martin  Van  Buren,  bom  Dec.  5,  1782;  reverse,  a  pair  of 

scales,  Weighed  in  the  Balance,  etc.  b. 

4.  M.  Van  Buren,  26  stars ;  reverse,  a  temple,  etc.,  Democracy 

and  our  Country  w.  m. 

6.  The  same  in  brass 

6.  Martin  Van  Buren ;  reverse,  a  flag.  Democrats  to  the  Polls, 

and  the  Victory  is  ours  b. 

7.  M.  Van  Buren,  two  sprigs  under  the  bust ;  reverse,  a  temple 

etc.  w.  m. 

8.  M.  Van  Buren;  reverse,  an  eagle  on  a  safe.  Van  Buren, 

The  Countrj'  demands  his  re-election  w.  m. 

9.  Martin  Van  Buren  and  Democracy;  reverse,  a  temple,  A 

uniform  and  sound  Currency,  The  Sub  Treasury      w.  m. 

10.  Obverse  like  the  last ;  reverse,  an  eagle  holding  scales.  Fed- 

eral. Democ,  March  4,  1841,  Our  Priociples  are  Justice 
and  Equity 

11.  Martin  Van  Buren;  reverse.  Free  Soil,  Free  Labor,  Free 

Speech,  hollow  shell  b.  and  silvered 

12.  Martin  Van  Buren  and  Democracy ;  reverse.  Our  next  Pres- 

ident 

13.  A  head  of  Van  Buren ;  The  Principles  and  Prudence  of  our 

Forefathers ;  reverse,  a  man  plowing,  the  Democracy  who 
can  justly  appreciate,  etc.  w.  m. 

14.  Martin  Van  Buren  ;  reverse,  a  safe  and  dog  b, 

15.  Martin  Van  Buren  ;  reverse,  Temple  of  Liberty,  Democracy 

and  our  Country  w.  m. 


15 

15 
15 
15 

24 

24 


$     .12 

.15 
.22 
.25 

.  2. 


18 
18 

.17 

.17 

15 

.50 

m 

1.75 
.55 

15 

.50 

23 

1.50 

22i 

1.75 

23i 

1.30 

23^ 

1.60 

m 

.50 

21 

1. 

22 
15 

2. 
1. 

23 


1.25 


251 


ELECTION  WEDALETS.—iContinwd.) 


CLAY. 

1.  Henry  Clay;  reverse,  Young  Men's  Convention,  Baltimore, 

May,  1844,  The  Flag  we  wear  at  our  Mast  should  be, 
etc.  w.  m. 

2.  Henry  Clay;  reverse,  the  Baltimore  Monument,  In  Com- 

memoration of  the  great  Convention  held  at  Baltimore, 
May,  1844  w.  m. 

3.  The  same  in  bronze 

4.  Henry  Clay ;  reverse,  Time  writing  on  a  monument,  Every 

end  he  aimed  at  was  his  Country's  w.  m. 

5.  Henry  Clay ;  reverse,  a  ship,  factories,  etc.,  The  Wealth  of 

a  Nation  is  indicated  by  its  Industry  w.  m. 

6.  Henry  Clay ;  reverse,  Henry  Clay,  the  Champion  of  a  Pro- 

tective Tariff,  a  ship,  etc.  w.  m. 

7.  Henry  Clay;  reverse,  Born  in  Virginia,  Ap.  12,  1777,  1799 

opposes  the  Alien  and  Sedition  Law,  1806  elected,  etc. 

w.  m. 

8.  Henry  Clay  of  Kentucky ;  reverse,  a  wreath  of  flags,  anchor, 

shield,  etc.,  Equal  and  full  Protection,  etc.  w.  m. 

9.  Henry  Clay,  the  Ashland  Fanner;  reverse,  a  plow,  O.  K., 

The  same  old  Coon  w.  m. 

10.  Henry  Clay ;  reverse,  A  Tariff  for  Protection  w.  m. 

11.  Harry  of  the  West,  1845;  reverse.  The  Protector  of  Home 
Industry 

12.  Henry  Clay  and  the  American  System ;  reverse,  United  we 
Stand  b 

13.  The  same  in  copper 

14.  Heniy  Clay,  26  stars ;  reverse,  an  eagle.  Protection  to  Amer- 
ican Industry  c. 

15.  The  same  in  brass 

16.  H.  Clay,  I  would  rather  be  Right  than  be  President;  re- 
verse, an  eagle.  United  States  of  America,  1848  c. 

17.  President  Henry  Clay,  1845 ;  reverse,  an  eagle,  etc.     w.  m. 

18.  Similar  to  the  last,  slightly  varying  w.  m. 

19.  Obverse  like  the  last;  reverse,  two  hands  grasping.  United 
we  Stand,  Divided  we  Fall  w.  m. 

20.  Henry  Clay,  the  Farmer,  etc. ;  reverse.  The  Noble  and  Patri- 
otic Supporter  of  the  People's  Rights  b. 

21.  Henry  Clay  elected  President  a.d.  1844  ;  reverse.  The  Mill- 
Boy  of  the  Slashes  inaugurated  March  4th,  1845.  (This 
medalet  serves  to  show  that  numismatology  may  deceive 
in  history.)  b. 

22.  H.  Clay,  the  Man  of  the  People,  the  Star  of  the  West, 
1844  w.  m. 

.  Henry  Clay,  the  Ashland  Farmer,  1844,  born,  etc. ;  reverse. 
The  Noble  and  Patriotic  Supporter  of  Protection  b. 

24.  Henry  Clay ;  reverse,  Clay  and  Frelinghuysen,  etc.  b. 

25.  Henry  Clay,  the  Ashland  Farmer ;  reverse,  Weighed  in  the 
Balance,  etc.  b. 

26.  Henry  Clay,  "  A  Halo  shines  as  bright  as  Day,"  etc.     w.  m. 

27.  Obverse  like  No.  6;  reverse,  factories,  etc.,  in  bas-relief 


Size. 

Price. 

26^ 

$1.75 

24 
24 

1.50 
2. 

26^ 

.75 

26 

1.05 

32 

1.70 

22 

1. 

24 

1.50 

20i 
17 

1. 
1. 

m 

.55 

17 
17 

.30 
.30 

16^ 

m 

1. 

.80 

15 
13i 

m 

.37 
.85 
.75 

m 

.75 

15 

.45 

16 

.50 

20 

.35 

15 
16 

.45 

.81 

2U 
32 

.30 
1.13 
1.50 

262 


ELECTION  MEDALETS.— (Continued.) 


CASS. 

1.  Gen.  Lewis  Cass ;  reverse,  The  Constitution  and  the  Free- 

dom of  the  Seas  w.  m. 

2.  General  Lewis  Cass,  184:8 ;  reverse,  a  female  figure,  a  boy 

with  a  torch,  etc.  b. 

3.  General  L.  Cass  (by  Leonard) ;  reverse,  The  Sub  Treasury 

and  the  Tariff  of  '46  w.  m. 

4.  Gen.  Lewis  Cass  (by  Bird),  Principles,  not  Men;  reverse. 

Liberty,  Equality,  etc.  w.  m. 


POLK. 

1.  James  K.  Polk,  Friend  of  Equal  Rights;  reverse,  a  head  of 

Dallas,  Young  Hickory,  Dallas  and  Victory  b. 

2.  James  K.  Polk,  head  cut  by  Leonard;  reverse,  a  bust  of 

Dallas,  George  M.  Dallas  w.  m. 

3.  Jas.  K.  Polk,  G.  M.  Dallas,  busts  of  Polk  and  Dallas ;  re- 

verse. The  Firm  and  Fearless  Advocates  of  Democratic 
Principles,  etc.  w.  m. 

4.  Obverse,  a  head  of  Polk,  Young  Hickory,  Press  Onward,  En- 

large the  Boundaries  of  Freedom ;  reverse,  a  head  of  Dal- 
las, Dallas  and  Victory,  Equal  Protection  to  all  Classes 


TAYLOR. 

L  Maj.  Gen.  Zach.  Taylor ;  reverse.  Fort  Harrison,  Okeecho- 
bee, etc.  w.  m. 

2.  The  same  in  brass 

3.  The  same  in  copper 

4.  Maj.  Gen.  Zach.  Taylor;  reverse,  "A  little  more  Grape, 

Capt.  Bragg,"  and  names  of  battles  w.  m. 

6.  Zachary  Taylor,  Whig  Candidate,  etc.,  1848 ;  reverse.  Bom, 

etc.,  and  names  of  battles  w.  m. 

6.  Major  Genl.  Z.  Taylor  never  surrenders;  reverse,  A  little 

more  Grape,  etc.,"  I  ask  no  favor,  etc.  w.  m. 

7.  Major  General  Zachary  Taylor ;  reverse.  Entered  according 

to  Act,  etc.  w.  m 

8.  Major  Gen.  Taylor,  bom  1790 ;  reverse.  General  Taylor  nev- 

er Surrenders,  etc.  b 

263 


20 

$     .87 

18 

.40 

26 

1. 

22 

1.75 

16^ 

1.25 

26 

1.50 

m 

1.70 

24 

1.55 

19 
19 
19 

.50 
.50 
.50 

20 

1.81 

23 

1.75 

26 

1.25 

25 

1.80 

17 

.95 

ELECTION  MEDALETS.— {Continued.) 


Size. 

Price. 

9.  Major  General  Zachary  Taylor,  Hero  of  Palo  Alto,  etc.. 

1847;  reverse,  an  eagle,  etc.                                  c.  and  b. 

15 

$    .40 

10.  Zachary  Taylor ;  reverse,  Taylor  and  Filmore,  shell 

b.  and  silvered 

16 

.50 

11.  Gen.  Z.  Taylor,  Hero  of  Palo  Alto,  etc.  ;  reverse,  an  eagle. 

etc.,  Rio'Grande,  Texas,  May  9  and  10,  1846                 b. 

17 

1. 

12.  Major  General  Zachary  Taylor,  born  1790 ;  reverse,  In  Hon- 

or of  the  Hero  of  Palo  Alto,  etc.                               w.  m. 

21i 

.80 

Jb'lLLMORE. 

1.  Millard  Fillmore,  engraver's  name,  Odling;  reverse.  The 

Union                                                                            w.  m. 

24 

1. 

2.  Obverse  like  the  last;  reverse,  Born  in  N.  Y.,  Jan.  7,  1800, 

etc.                                                                              w.  m. 

24 

1.30 

3.  Like  the  last,  in  copper 

24 

2.50 

4.  Millard  Filbnore ;  reverse,  Be  Vigilant  and  Watchful,  etc. 

w.  m. 

2H 

.25 

5.  The  same  in  copper 

2H 

.50 

6.  Millard  Fillmore,  For  the  whole  Country ;  reverse,  an  eagle. 

United  States,  etc.                                                              b. 

18 

.12 

7.  Like  the  last,  with  the  addition  of  31  S.  under  the  eagle    b. 

18 

.10 

SCOTT. 

1.  Maj.  General  Winfield  Scott;  reverse,  Chippewa,  Lundy's 

Lane,  etc.                                                                            b. 

16 

.25 

2.  Maj.  Gen.  Winfield  Scott,  U.S.A.;  reverse,  Scott  wounded 

Lundy's  Lane                                                          b.  and  c. 

m 

.35 

3.  Maj.  Gen.  Win.  Scott;  reverse,  Lundy's  Lane,  Vera  Cruz, 

Cerro  Gordo,  etc.                                                         w.  m. 

20 

.55 

4.  Obverse  like  the  last;  reverse,  United  we  Stand,  Divided 

we  Fall                                                       b.,  c,  and  w.  m. 

20 

1. 

6.  Obverse  like  the  last ;  reverse,  our  next  President        w.  m. 

20 

1. 

6.  Gen.  Winfield  Scott,  First  in  War,  etc. ;  reverse,  Scott  and 

Graham,  etc.                                                                       b. 

18 

.25 

7.  Major  Genl.  Winfd.  Scott  (Leonard,  ft.) ;  reverse,  A  Gallant 

and  Skillful  Hero,  etc. 

26 

1.50 

254 


ELECTION  MEDALETS.— (Continued.^ 


I    Size. 


Price. 


PIERCE. 

1 .  Gen.  Franklin  Pierce,  the  Statesman  and  Soldier ;  reverse, 

Pierce  and  King,  the  People's  Choice  b. 

2.  Gren.  Frank.  Pierce,  the  Statesman  and  Soldier ;  reverse.  For 

President,  etc.,  for  Vice  President,  etc.  b 

3.  General  F.  Fierce ;  reverse,  United  we  Stand,  etc.       w.  m 


1. 


BUCHANAN. 


James  Buchanan,  XVth  President,  etc.,  engraver,  Paquet 
reverse,  The  Union  must,  etc.  w.  m. 

2.  James  Buchanan ;  reverse,  Buchanan,  The  Crisis  demands, 

etc.  w.  m. 

3.  The  same  in  copper 

4.  A  Buck  at  full  run,  a  cannon,  and  Breckenridge ;  reverse, 

Washington  w.  m 

6.  The  same  in  bronze 

6.  James  Buchanan,  No  Sectionalism ;  reverse,  an  eagle.  United 

States,  etc.  b 

7.  Similar  to  last,  with  three  stars  under  the  eagle  b 

8.  Similar  to  last,  31.  S.  under  the  eagle  b 

9.  James  Buchanan;  reverse.  The  Union  one,  etc.  w.  m. 


FREMONT. 


John  C.  Fremont;  reverse,  mountains, 
surveyors,  etc.,  Honor  to  whom,  etc. 


the  White  House, 
c. 

2.  The  same  in  white  metal 

3.  John  C.  Fremont;  reverse.  Free  Soil,  Free  Speech,  Free 

Labor,  etc. 

4.  The  same  in  white  metal 

5.  Col.  John  C.  Fremont,  engraver's  name,  Paquet;  reverse. 

The  People's  Choice  for  1856,  etc.  w.  m. 

6.  John  C.  Fremont,  Free  Soil  and  Free  Speech ;  reverse,  an 

eagle,  Wm,  L.  Davton,  Free  Speech,  etc.  b 

7.  Col.  John  C.  Fremont,  Jessie's  Choice;  reverse,  Fremont 

and  Dayton,  etc.  "  b 

8.  John  C.  Fremont,  Free  Soil,  etc. ;  reverse,  an  eagle,  United 

States  of  America  b- 

2nB 


m 

16 
26 


S%i 


$1. 


.55     i 
1.60 


1.10 


2U 

.30 

21i 

.50 

30 

1. 

30 

2. 

18 

.20 

18 

.50 

18 

.20 

2U 

.25 

27 
27 

2. 
1. 

22 
22 

.50 
.25 

38^ 

.75 

18 

.40 

18 

.90 

18 

.55 

ELECTION  MEDALETS.— (Concluded.) 


Size. 


John  C.  Fremont,  Free  Soil,  etc. ;  reverse,  an  eagle.  United 
States  of  America,  with  31.  S.  under  the  eagle  b. 

10.  J.  C.  Fremont,  bom,  etc.  ;  reverse,  an  eagle  on  a  globe 


18 


$     .50 
.25 


25G 


MEDALETS  OF  YAEIOUS  IKDIYIDUALS. 


Size. 

Price. 

1.  William  H.  Seward,  our  next  Governor;  reverse,  The  Glory 

and  Pride,  etc.                                                                   b. 

2.  Obverse  like  the  last;   reverse,  A  faithful  Friend  to  our 

Country                                                                                 b. 

3.  Gulian  C.  Verplanck,  our  next  Govnr.  ;  reverse,  A  faithful 

Friend,  etc.                                                                        b. 

4.  Thomas  Swann,  Mayor  of  Baltimore                             w.  m. 

5.  Kossuth,  three  varieties,  head  to  right                                 b. 

6.  Kossuth,  head  to  the  left                                                        b. 

7.  Herr  Alexander,  1847                                                       c. 

17 

17 

17 

18 
18 
18 

$     .80 

.55 

.50 
.25 
.15 
.55 
1. 

POLITICAL  TOKENS,  ETC. 


1 .  A  cow,  a  friend,  etc. ;  reverse,  a  ship,  Agriculture  and  Com- 

merce 

2.  The  Glorious  Whig  Victory  of  1835 ;  FeUow-citizens,  save 

your  Constitution 

3.  For  the  Constitution  Hurra ;  Whigs  of  New  York  Victorious, 

etc. 

4.  American  Republicans  beware,  etc. ;  reverse.  Bunker  Hill 

w.  m. 

5.  The  same  in  copper 

G.  Natives  beware,   etc.,    1844;  reverse,  Our  Flag  trampled 
upon  w.  m. 

7.  Millions  for  Defence,  not  One  Cent  for  Tribute ;  all  the  or- 

dinary varieties,  in  uncirculated  order ;  each 

8.  The  same,  fillet  head,  inscribed  United 
[).  The  same,  head  surrounded  by  stars,  two  varieties 

10.  Loco  Foco  Mint  Drop 

1 1 .  Mint  Drops,  two  other  varieties 

12.  Turtle  and  Safe,  Executive  Experiment,  two  varieties 

13.  Turtle  and  Safe,  Executive  Financiering 

14.  Webster  Credit  Current  and  Currency,  five  varieties 
1 15.  General  and  Safe,  two  ordinary  varieties 
!l6.  General  and  Safe,  large  head  and  fat  donkey 
17.  General  and  Safe,  reverse,  a  ship 

R  267 


18 

17 

16^ 

23 
23 

26i 

18^ 
17^ 

m 

19 

18 

18^ 

18i 

18^ 

18^ 

18i 


$1.10 

2.50 

2. 

1.50 
.75 

.75 

.05 
.50 
.50 
.10 
.05 
.05 
.25 
.05 
.05 
.15 
.40 


POLITICAL  TOKENS. 


Size. 

Price. 

18.  A  plain  System,  void  of  Pomp 

c. 

18^ 

$     .20 

19.  Substitute  for  Shinplasters,  two  varieties 

c. 

18i- 

.03 

20.  Specie  Payments  suspended,  several  varieties 

c. 

m 

.03 

21.  Perish  Credit,  etc. ;  a  hog  running 

c. 

m 

.10 

22.  The  same 

b. 

m 

.50 

23.  Not  One  Cent,  but  Just  as  Good 

b. 

18 

.65 

24.  The  same,  with  various  reverses  of  tradesmen's  cards  and 

other  devices,  have  brought  from  $1.25  to  $1.75. 

25.  Success  to  Republican  Principles 

b. 

15 

.20 

26.  The  same 

c. 

15 

1. 

TEMPEKAlSrCB  MBDALETS,  ETC. 


Size. 

Price. 

22^ 

$1. 

22i 

.50 

22^ 

1. 

22^ 

.50 

16 

.15 

16 

.30 

15i 

.30 

m 

.50 

2H 

.55 

24 

1. 

24 

.30 

27 

.70 

27 

1. 

28 

.50 

26^ 

.50 

26^ 

.50 

26^ 

.65 

21 

.65 

23 

.25 

22i 

.50 

15 

.30 

16i 

.80 

1.  American  Juvenile  Temperance  Society;  reverse.  Temper- 

ance pledge  c. 

2.  The  same  w.  m. 

3.  Obverse  the  same ;  reverse,  a  man  at  a  well  c. 

4.  The  same  w.  m. 

5.  Man  at  a  well ;  reverse,  Temperance  leads,  etc.  b. 

6.  The  same  oreide 

7.  Man  at  well  (well  without  pole) ;  reverse.  Declaration  of  the 

Cold  Water  Army  b. 

8.  Temperance  pledge ;  reverse,  Our  Country's  Freedom,  etc,  b. 

9.  Man   at  a  well  with  windlass,   B.  &  S.  N.  Y.  ;  reverse. 

Pledge  w.  m. 

10.  In  Commemoration  of  the  National  Celebration  of  the  Sons 

of  Temperance;  reverse.  Sons  of  Temperance  insignia    c. 

11.  The  same  w.  m. 

12.  House  of  Temperance ;  reverse,  Pledge  w.  m. 

13.  The  same  in  copper,  and  also  in  brass 

14.  American  Total  Abstinence  Society,  the  pledge;  reverse, 

I.H.S.  on  a  shield,  man  and  woman,  two  children 

15.  American  Temperance  Mission  w.  m. 

16.  American  Temperance  Mission,  another  variety  w.  m. 

17.  Father  Matthew  giving  the  pledge  w.  m. 

18.  Father  Matthew;  reverse,  St.  James  Temperance  Society 

w.  m. 

19.  Man  at  well ;  reverse.  The  Bearer  of  this,  etc.  w.  m. 

20.  Man  at  well  (by  Thomas) ;  reverse.  Pledge  w.  m. 

21.  Man  at  well;  reverse,  St.  James  Temp.  Soc.  b. 

22.  Tobacco  medalet,  boy  trampling  on  leaves  b. 

258 


TEMPERANCE  MEDALETS. 


Size. 

Price.      1 

23.  No  Repeal,  State  of  New  York                  c.  gilt  and  silvered 
Other  temperance  medalets  will  be  found  among  Wash- 
ington coins,  etc. 

18 

$    .25 

MISCELLANEOUS  MEDALETS  AND  TOKENS. 


Size. 

Price. 

$1.50 

18 

.50 

23 

.25 

m 

.20 

m 

.20 

23 

.35 

22i 

.50 

20 

1. 

20 

.50 

14 

.05 

U 

.05 

18 

18 

.20 

18 

.25 

18 

.10 

18 

18 

18 

.10 

18 

.30 

18 

.20 

24 

1.25 

24i 

1. 

25 

1. 

33 

.25 

46 

.50 

29 

1.12 

m 

.05 

22 

.70 

Am  I  not  a  Man  and  a  Brother  ?  (not  American)  two  sizes 

Am  I  not  a  Woman  and  a  Sister  ?  (proofs)  c. 

California  Counter,  1852 ;  obverse,  head  of  Liberty ;  reverse, 
a  flag  b. 

California  Counter ;  obverse,  an  eagle ;  reverse,  a  flag      b. 

California  Counter;  obverse,  head  of  Liberty;  reverse,  a 
flag  b. 

California  Counter ;  obverse  like  reverse  of  $20  gold  piece ; 
reverse,  a  flag  b. 

Little  Samuel ;  reverse,  the  Lord's  Prayer,  cut  by  Lovett 

w.  m. 

Boy  and  dog,  cut  by  Bridgens ;  reverse,  John  Bull  and  Jon- 
athan c. 

The  same  w.  m. 

Boy  and  dog,  with  other  reverses ;  same  metals  and  prices. 


Gen.  Tom  Thumb ;  reverse,  head  of  Liberty 
Gen.  Tom  Thumb ;  reverse,  head  of  Victoria 
Mobile  Jockey  Club,  members'  medal 
The  same 
The  same 
The  same 

We  all  have  our  hobbies,  witch  medalet 
The  same 
The  same 
The  same 
The  same 

Odd  Fellows'  Hall ;  reverse,  Odd  Fellows'  insignia 
St.  Mattheu's  Kirche,  Walker  St.,  N.  Y. 
N.  Y.  Crystal  Palace ;  reverse,  flags  of  all  nations 
N.  Y.  Crystal  Palace;  reverse,  The  first  Pillar,  etc. 
N.  Y.  Crystal  Palace ;  reverse,  the  globe,  etc. 
N.  Y.  Crystal  Palace ;   reverse,  Liberty  seated,  Inimitate, 
etc.  w.  m. 

New  Merchants'  Exchange,  New  York  c. 

St.  Thomas's  Church,  N.  Y.,  Robert  Raikes  w.  m. 

259 


b. 

b. 
silver 

b. 

c. 
w.  m. 
G.  8. 
silver 
w.  m. 

c. 

b. 
w.  m. 
w.  m. 
w.  m. 
w.  m. 
w.  m. 


MISCELLANEOUS  TOKENS. 


Size. 


Price. 


30.  German  Musical  Festival  medal ;  reverse,  trumpets,  etc. 

w.  m. 

31.  Balloon  medalets ;  great  air  ship  c. 

32.  The  same  w.  m. 

33.  Nassau  Water  Works,  1859  c. 

34.  The  same  w.  m. 

35.  The  same,  differently  executed  w.  m. 

36.  Eleanor  Rugg  Byrne  medalet  b.,  w.  m.,  and  c. 

37.  The  same,  with  milled  edge  c. 

38.  Honesty  is  the  best  Policy ;  Dedicated,  etc.  b. 

39.  Bunker  Hill  Monument ;  reverse.  All  Hail,  etc.  w.  m. 

40.  Lovett's  series  of  Presidents  of  the  U.  S.,  each  c. 

41.  The  same  w.  m. 

42.  Sage's  historical  tokens,  each  c. 

43.  Sage's  numismatic  gallery,  each  c. 

44.  Ohio,  1855,  sun  rising,  a  grain-field,  etc. ;  reverse,  a  mova- 
ble calendar  b. 

45.  Other  States  of  the  Union,  with  same  reverse,  each  b. 

46.  Ships,  Colonies,  and  Commerce ;  ship  with  American  flag  c. 

47.  The  same;  W.  &  B.,  N.  Y.,  under  the  ship  c. 

48.  Half  cent's  worth  of  pure  copper  c. 

49.  Massachusetts  and  California  Co.,  1849  c. 

50.  The  same  silver 

51.  National  Jockey  Club,  New  York  b, 

52.  Communicant's  token,  oval  w.  m, 

53.  The  Champagne  Fountain ;  In  Vino  Veritas  silver 


37 
22 

22 

22 
19i 
19^ 
14 

22 

22 
22 

23i 
23i 


15 
15 

16^ 

10 


.63 
.50 
.25 
.50 
.20 
.50 
.30 

1.38 
.25 

1.25 
.50 
.25 
.25 
.25 

.70 
.70 
.45 
.60 
.75 

3. 

3.50 
.65 

1.50 

1.50 


260 


AMERICAN  MEDALS 

AWARDED  BY  CONGRESS  TO  MILITARY  AND  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

1.  George  Washington.     On  the  taking  of  Boston,  17th  March,  1776. 

2.  John  Paul  Jones.     On  the  capture  of  the  Serapis,  23d  September,  1778. 

3.  John  Stewart.     On  the  taking- of  Stony  Point,  15th  July,  1799. 

4.  Anthony  Wayne.     On  the  taking  of  Stony  Point,  15th  July,  1799. 

5.  D.  DE  Fleuey.     On  the  taking  of  Stony  Point,  15th  July,  1799. 

6.  Horatio  Gates.     On  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne,  Saratoga,   17th  October, 

1777. 

7.  Captors  op  Andre. 

8.  Nathaniel  Greene.     For  gallant  conduct  at  Eutaw  Springs,  8th  September, 

1781. 

9.  Daniel  Morgan.     For  the  victory  at  Cowpens,  17th  January,  1781. 

10.  John  Eager  Howard.     For  the  victory  at  Cowpens,  17th  January,  1781. 

11.  William  A.  Washington.     For  the  victory  at  Cowpens,  17th  January,  1781. 

12.  Henry  Lee.     On  the  attack  at  Paulus  Hook,  19th  August,  1779. 

13.  Thomas  Truxton.     On  the  capture  of  the  French  frigate  Vengeance  by  the 

Constellation^  1st  February,  1800. 

14.  Edward  Preble.     On  the  attack  upon  Tripoli  in  1804. 

15.  Winfield  Scott.     On  the  battles  of  Chippewa  and  Niagara,  July  5  and  25, 

1814. 

16.  Edmund  P.  Gaines.     On  the  battle  of  Erie,  15th  August,  1814. 

17.  James  Miller.     On  the  battles  of  Chippewa,  Niagara,  and  Erie,  July  5  and  25, 

and  September  17,  1814. 

18.  Jacob  Brown.     On  the  battles  of  Chippewa,  Niagara,  and  Erie,  July  5  and  25, 

and  September  17,  1814. 

19.  Eleazar  W.  Ripley.     On  the  battles  of  Chippewa,  Niagara,  and  Erie,  July  5 

and  25,  and  September  17,  1814. 

20.  Peter  B.  Porter.     On  the  battles  of  Chippewa,  Niagara,  and  Erie,  July  5  and 

25,  and  September  17,  1814. 

21.  Alexander  Macomb.     On  the  battle  of  Plattsburgh,  September  11,  1814. 

22.  Andrew  Jackson.     On  the  battle  of  New  Orleans,  January  8,  1815. 

23.  Isaac  Shelby.     On  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  October  5,  1813. 

24.  William  Henry  Harrison.     On  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  October  5,  1813. 

25.  George  Croghan.     On  the  defense  of  Fort  Sandusky,  August  2,  1813. 

26.  Isaac  Hull.     On  the  capture  of  the  Guerriere  by  the  Constitution,  July,  1812. 

27.  Jacob  Jones.     On  the  capture  of  the  Frolic  by  the  Wasp,  18th  October,  1812. 

28.  Stephen  Decatur.     On  the  capture  of  the  Macedonian,  October  25,  1812. 

29.  William  Bainbridge.     On  the  capture  of  the  Java,  December  29,  1812. 

30.  W.  Burrows.     On  the  capture  of  the  Boxer,  September  4,  1813. 

31.  Edward  R.  M'Call.     On  the  capture  of  the  Boxer,  4th  September,  1813. 

32.  James  Lawrence.     On  the  capture  of  the  Peacock,  24th  February,  1813. 

33.  Thomas  M'Donough.     On  the  battle  of  Lake  Champlain,  11th  September,  1814. 

34.  Robert  Henley.     On  the  battle  of  Lake  Champlain,  11th  September,  1814. 

35.  Stephen  Cassin.     On  the  battle  of  Lake  Champlain,  11th  September,  1814. 

36.  Lewis  Warrington.     On  the  capture  of  the  brig  L'Epervier,  29th  March, 

1814. 

261 


AMERICAN  MEDALS. 

37.  Johnson  Blakeley.     On  the  capture  of  the  Reindeer,  28th  June,  1814. 

38.  Charles  Stewakt.     On  the  capture  of  the  Cyane  and  the  Levant,  20th  Febru- 

ary, 1815. 

39.  James  Biddle.     On  the  capture  of  the  Penguin,  23d  March,  1815. 

40.  Oliveb  Hazard  Perry.     On  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie,  September  10,  1813. 

41.  Jesse  Duncan  Elliott.     On  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie,  September  10,  1813. 

Note. — The  above  catalogue  comprises  only  medals  relating  to  the  Revolution 
and  the  war  of  1812.  Of  the  Revolutionary  medals  some  may  be  obtained  at  mod- 
erate prices,  as  indicated  in  the  price  tables  elsewhere.  But  very  many  of  the  series 
are  unknown  except  in  the  original  gold  presentation  medal.  A  fine  series  of  elec- 
trotype copies  of  all  the  medals  has  been  made,  with  great  labor  and  diligence,  by 
Thomas  Wyatt,  Esq.,  of  New  York,  from  whom  they  may  be  obtained. 

Of  many  other  American  medals — Indian  and  others — the  dies  remain  at  the 
Philadelphia  Mint,  and  it  is  hoped  that  Congress  may  authorize  the  supply  of  spec- 
imens to  collectors  at  a  moderate  price. 

262 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

FRONTISPIECE. 

1.  Silver  coin  of  Seleucus,  b.c.  280. 

2.  Silver  coin  of  Philip  V.  of  Macedon,  B.C.  220-178. 

3.  Silver  coin  of  Macedonia,  about  b.c.  280. 

4.  Silver  coin  of  Lysimachus,  b.c.  286-280. 

5.  6.  Silver  medal  of  Syracuse.     This  is  one  of  the  splendid  remains  of  ancient  art. 

It  seems  probable  that  it  was  struck  as  a  prize  in  the  races,  or  as  a  token. 
Several  specimens  are  extant. 

7.  A  copper  coin  of  Chalcis,  showing  the  sevet-stringed  lyre. 

8.  Silver  coin  of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes,  b.c.  294-287. 

9.  Silver  coin  of  Perseus,  B.C.  178-167. 
10.  Silver  coin  of  Ptolemy  Soter,  b.c.  285. 


PLATE  I. 

1.  Egyptian  ring  money.     No  specimens  are  known ;  but  it  is  found  painted,  in 

countless  instances,  on  tombs,  and  colored  to  indicate  both  gold  and  silver. 

2.  Ancient  Egyptian  method  of  weighing  money,  the  weights  being  a  lamb,  a  half 

lamb,  etc.     From  the  wall  of  a  tomb. 


PLATE  II. 

1.  Gold  stater  of  Miletus ;  the  earliest  known  coin  in  any  metal. 

2.  Gold  stater  of  Lydia ;  by  some  supposed  to  be  the  earliest  coin. 

3.  Persian  silver  daric ;  probably  struck  in  Egypt  during  the  Persian  dynasty. 

4.  Persian  gold  daric,  found  in  Western  Asia ;  date  uncertain,  probably  a  very 

early  coin. 

5.  Quarter  stater  of  Phocea,  gold. 

6.  Drachma  of  -^gina ;  the  earliest  silver  coin.     The  tortoise  was  the  emblem  of 

-/Egina. 

7.  Silver  coin  of  Caulonia,  showing  the  punch  corresponding  with  the  die. 

8.  Drachma  of  Archelaus  I.  of  Macedonia,  B.C.  413;  the  first  coin  with  the  portrait 

of  a  prince. 

9.  Drachma  of  -^gina,  later  than  No.  6. 

10.  Silver  coin  of  Alexander  I.  of  Macedonia,  B.C.  450 ;  one  of  the  first  coins  with 
a  human  figure. 


PLATE  III. 

1.  Large  Ptolemaic  copper  coin;  head  of  Jupiter  on  the  obverse ;  an  eagle  on  the 

reverse ;  with  legend  Basileos  Ptolemaiou.     These  immense  coppers  are 
by  some  supposed  to  have  been  medals. 

2.  Ancient  Greek  coin,  showing  the  theatre  of  Dionysius,  on  the  slope  of  the 

Acropolis  at  Athens. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

3.  Ancient  Greek  coin,  showing  the  Acropolis,  the  statue  of  Minerva,  the  Parthe- 

non, etc. 

4.  Silver  coin  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus. 

5.  Silver  coin  of  a  Ptolemy,  showing  a  man  cutting  millet  with  a  sickle.     This  coin 

is  interesting  as  showing  the  millet,  a  species  of  Indian  corn  or  maize,  in  ex- 
istence in  Egypt  at  that  early  date. 

6.  Jewish  shekel;  obverse,  the  pot  of  manna;  reverse,  the  rod  of  Aaron.     The 

shekel  was  never  coined  till  the  time  of  the  Maccabees.     There  are  several 
varieties,  some  of  them  of  the  highest  rarity. 


PLATE  IV. 

1.  Silver  coin  (tetradrachm)  of  Pyrrhus,  b.c.  275  (King  of  Epirus,  etc.);  obverse, 

head  of  the  Dodonean  Jupiter. 

2.  Silver  coin  (tetradrachm)  of  Antiochus  the  Great,  b.c.  192. 

3.  Gold  stater  of  Alexander  the  Great  (found  at  Sidon  recently). 

4.  Gold  stater  of  Philip  II.,  fathei;  of  Alexander  (found  at  Sidon).     These  coins 

were  found  in  a  jar,  with  a  large  quantity  like  them,  where  they  were  proba- 
bly left  by  a  paymaster  in  Alexander's  army. 

5.  Gold  stater  of  Alexander,  another  variety. 

6.  Silver  coin  (tetradrachm)  of  Perseus,  last  King  of  Macedon,  b^).  178. 

7.  Silver  coin  (tetradrachm)  of  Attains  I.  of  Pergamus,  b.c.  170. 


PLATE  V. 

1.  Silver  tetradrachm  of  Mithridates  VI.,  King  of  Pontus,  b.c.  89. 

2.  Silver  coin  of  Philip  V.  of  Macedon. 

3.  Silver  coin  of  Corinth. 

4.  Silver  drachma  of  Athens. 

5.  Silver  tetradrachm  of  Athens. 

6.  A  Greek  coin,  having  on  the  reverse  a  palm-leaf  and  an  arrow ;  date  unknown. 


PLATE  VI. 

1.  Silver  coin  of  Gyrene,  showing  the  Silphium. 

2.  Silver  coin  of  Acarnania. 

3.  Phoenician  coin,  probably  of  some  place  on  the  Syrian  coast  under  Persian 

power. 

4.  Parthian  gold  coin  ;  legend  "  Of  the  Great  King  Arsaces." 

5.  Coin  of  Amphipolis,  showing  a  lamp  on  the  reverse. 

6.  Parthian  silver  coin,  probably  of  Arsaces  Orodes,  B.C.  55 ;  perhaps  minted  in 

Syria. 

7.  Silver  coin  of  Artaxerxes  Ardshir,  a.d.  226,  founder  of  the  dynasty  of  the  Sas- 

sanidae. 

8.  Silver  coin  of  Carthage ;  obverse,  head  of  Dido ;  reverse,  horse,  with  Punic  in- 

scription. 


PLATE  VII. 

1.  Roman  Quincussis,  five  ases. — See  page  22. 

264 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE  VIII. 


1.  Obverse  of  the  as,  head  of  Janus. 

2.  Reverse  of  the  as,  prow  of  a  galley  or  ship. 

3.  Sextans,  sixth  part  of  the  as.     The  two  balls  indicate  the  weight,  two  ounces/ 
4  and  5.  Triens,  third  part  of  the  as.     The  four  balls  indicate  the  weight,  four 

ounces.     Figures  3,  4,  and  5  on  this  plate  are  each  one  half  the  diameter  of 
the  original  coin. 


PLATE  IX. 

1.  A  medalet  in  copper,  possibly  a  sextans;  obverse,  an  eagle;  reverse,  the  wolf 

of  the  capitol. 

2.  Silver  coin  of  the  Saranites,  showing  on  the  reverse  the  Samnite  bull  goring  the 

Roman  wolf,  about  b.c.  340. 

3.  Roman  denarius  of  Livineius,  the  head  on  which  is  supposed  to  be  the  head  of 

Regulus,  B.C.  256. 

4.  Early  Roman  coin,  with  Janus  head ;  probably  an  as  of  the  time  of  Pompey, 

and  the  heads  portraits  of  Pompey  and  his  son  Sextus. 

5.  Coin  of  Epidaurus,  or  a  coin  of  Rome,  commemorating  the  sacred  snake  (em- 

blem of  iEsculapius)  which  the  embassadors  who  were  sent  to  Epidaurus 
about  B.C.  290  brought  back  with  them. — See  page  12. 

6.  Reverse  of  a  denarius  of  the  Cassian  gens,  showing  a  person  voting.     The  tab- 

let or  ballot  is  marked  A.  for  ^^  Absolvo.'* 

7.  Denarius  of  P.  Porcius  Laeca,  who,  b.c.  256,  introduced  the  Porcian  law,  *'rfe 

capite  et  tergo  ciyiuw,"  which  was  the  law  of  appeal  under  which  Paul  "ap- 
pealed to  Cajsar." 

8.  Denarius  of  Metellus  Scipio,  referring  to  the  battle  of  Panormus,  B.C.  250. 

9.  Silver  coin  of  Marcellinus,  b.c.  215. 


PLATE  X. 

1.  Silver  coin  with  head  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  on  the  obverse,  and  temple  of  Jupi- 

ter on  the  Capitoline  Hill  on  the  reverse. 

2.  Denarius  of  the  Quinctian  gens. 

3.  Denarius  commemorating  the  triumph  of  the  consul  L.  Emilius  PauUus  over 

Perseus,  b.c.  168. 

4.  Denarius  of  the  Clodian  gens ;  obverse,  head  of  Flora ;  reverse,  a  vestal ;  prob- 

ably struck  in  honor  of  the  splendid  Floralia  during  the  aedileship  of  C.  Clo- 
dius  Pulcher,  b.c.  99. 

5.  Denarius  of  the  eight  Italian  nations,  commemorating  a  confederacy  about  b.c. 

90. 

6.  Denarius  of  the  last  two  nations  who  held  out ;  legend  in  Oscan  characters. 

7.  Denarius  with  Castor  and  Pollux  on  the  reverse,  and  head  of  Minerva  on  the 

obverse.     A  very  common  form  of  the  denarius.   . 

8.  Denarius  of  Acilius,  showing  a  triumphal  car  on  the  reverse. 

9.  Gold  coin  of  Antony,  minted  at  Antioch.     This  is  a  very  rare  coin. 

10.  Denarius  of  Caesar  in  his  fourth  dictatorship,  indicated  by  the  words  Dict. 

QUABT. 


PLATE  XI. 

L  Obverse  of  a  very  rare  and  splendid  silver  coin  of  Cleopatra.    No.  10  shows  the 
reverse,  with  head  of  Marc  Antony. 

26.'; 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

2.  Denarius  of  Julius  CsBsar ;  reverse,  Marc  Antony. 

3.  Denarius  of  Julius  Cassar,  commemorating  the  conquest  of  Egypt, 
-t.  Denarius  of  Julius  Caesar,  commemorating  the  conquest  of  Gaul. 
6  and  6.  Denarii  of  the  Triumvirs. 

7.  Denarius  of  Caesar. 

8  and  9.  Denarii  commemorating  the  death  of  Caesar. 
10.  Head  of  Marc  Antony.    Reverse  of  No.  1  on  this  plate. 


PLATE  XII. 

1.  Denarius  of  Publius  Licinius  Crassus,  censor  with  Julias  Caesar. 

2.  Aureus  of  Augustus  Caesar. 

3.  Silver  denarius ;  the  common  form,  known  as  a  quadrigatus  from  the  four  horses 

on  the  reverse. 

4.  Gold  coin,  four  scrupula,  or  sixty  sestertii. 

5.  6,  and  7.  Silver  denarii  of  different  families,  whose  names  they  bear. 

8.  Silver  denarius,  on  which  is  a  biga,  whence  these  coins  were  called  bigati 

9.  Silver  denarius,  with  a  quadriga,  hence  called  quadrigatus. 

10.  Gold  coin  of  Agrippa,  with  the  head  of  Augustus. 

1 1.  Copper  coin  of  the  colony  of  Nismes. 

Note. — The  denarius,  of  which  so  many  illustrations  are  given  on  this  and  the 
preceding  plates,  is  the  most  common  form  of  Roman  silver.  The  young  collector 
will  bear  in  mind  that  he  must  classify  these  coins  according  to  their  general  char- 
acter and  date.  There  are  great  numbers  of  them  which  are  "family  coins" — that 
is,  denarii  bearing  the  names  of  distinguished  Roman  families.  These  were  issued 
before  the  empire  was'  established.  Then  follow  denarii  of  the  emperors,  of  which 
the  variety  is  very  great ;  some  bearing  the  heads  of  the  emperors,  others  of  em- 
presses ;  some  with  the  names  and  banners  of  certain  legions ;  some  commemorating 
great  events,  victories,  etc.  The  illustrations  given  will  enable  the  collector  to  judge 
of  the  general  character  of  many  of  his  coins  by  comparison,  even  if  they  are  not 
identical ;  and  it  need  not  be  repeated  here  that  our  object  is  only  to  introduce  him 
to  his  subject,  that  he  may  follow  the  study  in  other  works. 

PLATE  XIII. 

1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6.  Reverses  of  six  consular  denarii,  showing  the  costimies,  sella  cu- 

rulis,  fasces,  etc.,  of  Roman  lictors. 
7.  Silver  denarius  of  the  Coelian  gens,  representing  an  Epulo  preparing  a  couch  for 

Jupiter,  on  which  is  inscribed  L.  Caldus  VII.  vir.  Epul. 
8  and  9.  Reverses  of  denarii,  showing  the  rostra.     No.  8,  a  denarius  of  the  Lolli- 

an  gens,  shows  probably  the  old  rostra.    No.  9,  a  denarius  of  the  Sulpician 

gens,  shows  probably  the  new  rostra. 
10  and  11.  Reverses  of  denarii,  showing  the  puteal  or  well  in  the  forum,  called  Pm- 

teal  Libonis  or  Scribonianum. 

12.  Reverse  of  a  coin  of  Claudius,  showing  the  emperor  sitting  as  censor,  and  a  serv- 

ant holding  a  horse. 

13.  Denarius  of  Flamen  Martialis,  high-priest  of  Mars,  with  head  of  Augustus. 

14.  Colonial  silver  coin  of  Coela  in  the  Thracian  Chersonesus.  with  figure  of  Silenus 

standing,  having  his  hand  raised,  emblematical  of  municipal  freedom. 

15.  Copper  coin  of  Antoninus,  showing  a  triumphal  car. 

266 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE  XIV. 


1.  Medal  of  Marc  Antony,  showing  the  corona  radiata. 

2.  Medal  of  Nero,  showing  an  organ  and  a  sprig  of  laurel;  probably  designed  as  a 

prize  medal  to  a  musician. 

3.  Medal  of  Augustus,  showing  the  myrtle  crown,  or  corona  oralis. 

4.  Medal  of  Ventidius,  lieutenant  of  Marc  Antony,  showing  the  corona  triumpha- 

lis ;  probably  struck  on  occasion  of  his  victory  over  the  Parthians. 

5.  Medal  of  Lepidus,  showing  the  corona  oleagina,  or  olive-leaf  crown. 

6.  Medal  of  Lepidus.     The  letters  h,  o.  c.  s.  stand  for  Hostem  occrorr,  civem 

SERVAVIT. 

7.  Medal  of  Agrippina,  showing  the  carpentum,  or  wagon  in  which  Roman  ladies 

were  accustomed  to  ride. 

PLATE  XV. 

1.  Reverse  of  a  brass  coin  of  Antoninus  Pius,  which  is  also  an  example  of  a  very 

common  reverse  of  the  large  brass  coins  of  Rome. 

2,  3,  and  4.  Reverses  of  Roman  brass  coins,  showing  galleys. 

5.  Large  brass  coin  of  Nero,  showing  the  temple  of  Janus  closed. 

6.  Brass  coin  of  Corcyra. 

7.  Brass  coin  of  Commodus. 

8.  Medal  of  Albinus  Brutus ;  probably  commemorative  of  the  close  of  the  civil  war 

with  Antony.     (Showing  the  sacerdotal  crown.) 

PLATE  XVI. 

1.  Brass  coin  of  Gordianus  and  Tranquillina,  struck  at  Singara. 

2.  Brass  coin  of  Trajan,  struck  at  Nineveh. 

3.  Brass  coin  of  Maximinus,  struck  at  Nineveh. 

4  and  5.  Pigs  of  lead,  with  the  stamp  of  Hadrian,  found  in  England. 

6.  Brass  coin  of  Faustina. 

7.  Brass  coin  of  Septimus  Severus. 

PLATE  XVII. 

1.  Colonial  coin  of  Corinth  in  the  time  of  Antoninus  (silver). 

2.  Silver  coin  of  Philip  V. 

3.  Silver  coin  of  Hadrian. 

4.  Silver  coin  of  Theodosius  the  Great. 
6.  Silver  coin  of  Arcadius. 

6.  Silver  coin  of  Honorius. 

7.  Silver  coin  of  Theodosius  11.  •  • 

8.  Gold  coin  of  Leo  III.,  a.d.  719;  obverse,  D.  Leon.  P.  Aug.  ;  reverse,  Victo- 

BIA  AUGD.  CONOB. 

9.  Silver  denier  of  Charlemagne,  a.d.  770. 

10.  Gold  coin  of  Irene,  a.d.  800,  struck  during  her  sole  reign ;  obverse  and  reverse 
alike. 

PLATE  XVIII.     > 

1.  Medal  of  the  Emperor  Justinian.  .  ,    -  „^« 

2.  Medal  of  Martin  V.,  a.d.  1417,  who  first  of  the  Popes,  after  an  mterval  of  300 

years,  resumed  the  royalty  of  coining,  and  whose  medals  are  the  first  of  the 
Papal  series. 

3.  Medal  of  John  Palseologus  II.,  by  Pisani,  a.d.  1438. 

267 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE  XIX. 


1.  Gold  coin  of  Basil  I.  and  his  son  Constantine;  obverse,  busts  of  the  Emperors, 

Basilios  et  Constant.  Adgg.  ;  reverse,  Christ  seated,  4*  ihs  xps  jig  keg- 

NANTIUM»fi  (A.D.  867).  ^'^ 

2.  Gold  coin  of  John  I.  Zimisces ;  obverse,  OEOTOK.  BOHe.  IQ.  AE2.,  busts  of 

the  Emperor  and  Virgin  Mary,  over  tlie  Virgin  M.  9.  (M»;ri;p  Giow) ;  reverse, 
•J«iH8.  xps.  REX.  REGNANTiuM.,  figure  of  Christ  (A.D.  1000). 

3.  Gold  coin  of  John  II.  ;  obverse,  figures  of  the  Emperor  and  the  Virgin  Mary. 

Legend,  Iw.  AtcriroT.  Tw.  n.  'Pvpoytvrjr ;  reverse,  Christ  seated.  Legend,  ic. 
xc.  (A.D.  1180). 

4.  Gold  coin  of  Haroun  Al  Raschid ;   obverse,  No  Deity  but  God,  He  hath  no 

partner.  In  the  name  of  God,  this  Dirhem  was  made  at  El  Basrah,  Anno 
Hegirae  182 ;  reverse,  Mohammed  is  God's  Apostle.  By  order  of  Emir  El 
Amin  Mohammad,  Son  of  the  Prince  of  the  Faithful.  Mohammed  is  God's 
Apostle,  sent  with  the  command  and  religion  of  truth  to  exalt  it  over  all  re- 
ligions in  spite  of  their  upholders  (a.d.  800). 

5.  Gold  coin  of  the  Calif  El  Mustansir  Billah ;   obverse,  Allah.     No  Deity  but 

God.  He  has  no  partner.  Mohammed  is  God's  Apostle,  God's  friend,  Mo- 
hammed, God's  Apostle,  sent  with  command  and  religion  of  truth  to  exalt  it 
over  all  religions  in  spite  of  their  upholders ;  reverse,  Maad  Abdallah,  servant 
of  (jod  and  his  vicar  Imaum  Abou  Temim  El  Mustansir  Billah,  Prince  of  the 
Faithful.  In  the  name  of  God,  the  Compassionate,  the  Merciful,  this  Dena- 
rius was  struck  at  Misr  (El  Fostat,  Cairo  in  Egypt),  a.h.  439. 

6.  Gold  sequin  of  Roman  Senate ;  obverse,  S.  Petrus  Senator  Urbis,  Peter  de- 

livering a  banner  to  a  Senator;  reverse,  Roma  Caput  Mundi  s.  p.  q.  r. 
Christ  holding  a  book  (a.d.  1140). 

7.  Silver  coin  of  Alexius  II.,  Emperor  of  Trebizond;  obverse,  the  Emperor  on 

horseback.  AXc.  HEN.  (AXeiog  6  Koixvi]poh)  ;  reverse,  O.A.E.  r.  N.  ('O  Ayiog 
Evyeviog),  the  saint  on  horseback  (a.d.  1204). 

8.  Silver  coin  of  Senator  Brancaleone  of  Rome,  a.d.  1252-1258. 


PLATE  XX. 

1.  Medal  of  Pope  Eugenius  IV.,  a.d.  1438. 

2.  Dutch  medal  on  the  overthrow  of  the  Armada,  a.d.  1588 ;  reverse,  the  Church 

on  a  rock  in  the  midst  of  the  sea. 

3.  Medal  of  Cosmo  dei  Medici. 


PLATE  XXI. 

1.  A  coiner  at  work  ;  from  the  capital  of  a  column  at  St.  George  de  Boucherville, 

in  Normandy. 

2.  Coining  in  the  Middle  Ages ;  from  a  wood-cut  made  by  order  of  the  Emperor 

Maximilian,  and  published  in  his  life  (Der  Weiss  Kunig),  by  Keiser. 


PLATE  XXII. 

1.  Medal  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici. 

2.  Medal  of  Gregory  XIII.  commemorating  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew. 

3.  An  ancient  patera.     This  is  an  engraved  plate  or  dish,  and  illustrates  the  use 

of  the  simple  scales  for  weighing.  The  scene  represented  is  the  examination 
by  Mercury  and  Apollo  of  the  fates  of  Achilles  and  Memnon  by  weighing 
their  respective  genii  against  each  other. 

268 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE   XXIII. 


1.  English  torques,  or  ring  money.     The  larger  ones  were  worn  around  the  body, 

or  even  over  the  shoulder,  as  ornaments.  Some  were  wristlets,  and  others 
smaller  ornaments.  They  are  all  multiples  of  one  unit,  the  unit  being  the 
weight  of  the  smallest  one  yet  found.  This  regularity  of  weight  leaves  no 
doubt  of  their  uses. 

2.  Earliest  English  coins  (gold),  which,  if  struck  as  coins,  were  of  a  period  between 

the  invasion  of  Cassar  and  the  reign  of  Claudius.  By  some  these  are  supposed 
to  be  tokens,  or  masonic  pledges  of  a  later  period.  The  one  having  an  ear 
of  wheat  is  a  reverse,  which  has  been  found  with  other  obverses,  as  in  Plate 
XXVII.,  and  is  probably  of  Cymbeline.  That  marked  Boduo  is  perhaps  of 
Boadicea  or  Boduodicea. 


PLATE  XXIV. 
Great  Seal  of  Edward  the  Confessor. 


PLATE  XXV. 

1.  Copper  coin  of  Hadrian,  relating  to  Britain,  a.d.  120. — See  Humphreys,  p.  32, 

2.  Coin  of  Claudius,  relating  to  Britain,  representing  his  triumph  in  Britain,  a.  d. 

43. 

3.  Gold  coin  of  C4audius,  relating  to  Britain  ;  struck  in  honor  of  the  triumphal  arch 

which  the  Senate  decreed  to  him,  about  a.d.  46,  after  his  conquest  of  Britain. 
— See  Humphreys,  p.  31. 

4.  Copper  coin  of  Antoninus  Pius,  about  a.d.  138,  showing  figure  of  Britannia, 

which  was  adopted  afterward  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

5.  Copper  coin  of  Antoninus  Pius,  commemorating  his  victory  in  Britain,  about 

A.D.  138. 

6.  Gold  coin  of  the  Emperor  Carausius,  who  reigned  in  Britain  a.d.  290-297. 

7.  Silver  coin  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  a.d.  1042. 

8.  Another  silver  coin  of  Edward  the  Confessor. 


PLATE  XXVI. 
Great  Seal  of  William  the  Norman. 

PLATE  XXVII. 

1.  Gold  coin  (aureus)  of  Emperor  Carausius;  obverse,  Imp.  Carausius  p.  f.  Aug. 

(Imperator  Pius  Felix  Augustus);  reverse,  Renovat.  Romano.  (Renovatio 
Romanorum). 

2.  Silver  coin  of  Offa,  about  a.d.  780. 

3.  Silver  coin  of  Egbert,  about  a.d.  832. 

4.  Silver  coin  of  Ethelwulf,  a.d.  837-857. 

5.  SUver  coin  of  Canute,  a.d.  1017-1035. 

6  and  7.  Silver  coins  of  Alfred,  a.d.  871-901. 

8.  Silver  penny  of  Ethelbert  II.,  King  of  Kent  and  Bretwalda,  about  a.d.  616. 

This  coin  is  evidently  an  imitation  of  the  Roman — see  coin  of  Carausius,  No. 
1 — but  the  genuineness  of  this  coin  is  doubtful. 

9.  Gold  coin  of  Cynobelin,  or  Cunobelinus,  about  a.d.  40;  obverse,  Caml  .  re- 

verse, CuNO.     This  monarch  is  supposed  to  be  the  Cymbeline  of  Shakspeare. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

10.  Silver  penny  of  William  I.,  a.d.  1066-1087. 

11.  Silver  penny  of  William  II.,  a.d.  1087-1100. 

12.  Silver  penny  of  Henry  I.,  a.d.  1100-1135. 


Great  Seal  of  William  Rufus. 


PLATE  XXVIII. 


PLATE  XXIX. 


1.  Silver  penny  of  Stephen. 

2.  Silver  penny  of  Henry  II. 

3.  Irish  sUver  penny  of  John. 

4.  Silver  penny  of  Henry  III. 

5.  Silver  penny  of  Edward  I. 

6.  Silver  penny  (probably)  of  Edward  II. 

7.  Groat  of  Edward  in. 

8.  Noble  of  Edward  IIL 


Great  Seal  of  Henry  I. 


1.  HalfVoat  of  Edward  III. 

2.  Penny  of  Edward  III. 

3.  Groat  of  Richard  n. 

4.  Penny  of  Richard  n. 

6.  Half  groat  of  Richard  II. 

6.  Half  noble  of  Henry  V. 

7.  Quarter  noble  of  Henry  V. 

8.  Noble  of  Henry  V. 


Great  Seal  of  Stephen. 


1.  Penny  of  Henry  V. 

2.  Half  groat  of  Henry  V. 

3.  Groat  of  Henry  V. 

4.  Groat  of  Henry  VI. 

6.  Half  groat  of  Henry  VL 

6.  Penny  of  Henry  VI. 

7.  Angel  of  Edward  rV. 


PLATE  YTX. 


PLATE  XXXI. 


PLATE  XXXIL 


PLATE  XXXIII. 


Great  Seal  of  Henry  U. 


PLATE  XXXrV. 
270 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 
PLATE  XXXV. 


1.  Half  groat  of  Edward  IV. 

2.  Half  angel  of  Edward  rV. 

3.  Groat  of  Edward  rV. 

4.  Penny  of  Edward  IV. 

5.  Half  groat  of  Richard  HI. 

6.  Groat  of  Richard  III. 

7.  Perkin  Warbeck's  groat. 

8.  Penny  of  Richard  m. 


PLATE  XXXVI. 
Great  Seal  of  Richard  I.  (Cceur  de  Lion). 


PLATE  XXXVII. 


1.  Sovereign  of  Henry  VU. 

2.  Rose  real  of  Henry  YU. 

3.  Groat  of  Henry  VIL 

4.  Half  groat  of  Henry  Vn. 
6.  Penny  of  Henry  vn. 


PLATE  XXXVIII. 
Great  Seal  of  King  John. 


PLATE  XXXIX. 


1.  Gold  noble  of  Henry  VIH. 

2.  Gold  crown  of  Henry  VIIL 

3.  Gold  half  crown  of  Henry  Vm. 

4.  ShUling  of  Henry  vm. 

5.  Cardinal  Wolsey's  groat. 

6.  Wolsey's  half  groat. 

7.  Wolsey's  penny. 


PLATE  XL. 
Great  Seal  of  William  of  Scotland. 


PLATE  XLL 


1.  Gold  sovereign  of  Edward  VI. 

2.  Gold  crown  of  Edward  VL 

3.  Sixpence  of  Edward  VI. 

4.  Groat  of  Edward  VI. 
6.  Shilling  of  Edward  VI. 


Great  Seal  of  Henry  III. 


PLATE  XLII. 
271 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

PLATE  XLIIL 

1.  Silver  medal  of  Henry  VHI. 

2.  Gold  medal  of  Henry  VIH.     The  legends,  on  the  obverse  in  Latin,  and  on  the 

reverse  in  Hebrew  and  in  Greek,  are  of  similar  purport :  "  Henry  the  Eighth, 
King  of  England,  France,  and  Ireland,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  and  in  the 
Land  of  England  and  Ireland,  under  Christ,  the  Supreme  Head  of  the 
Church." 

3.  Medal  of  Philip  and  Mary. 


PLATE  XLIV. 


PLATE  XLV. 


Great  Seal  of  Edward  I. 


1.  Shilling  of  Edward  VI. 

2.  Penny  of  Edward  VI. 

3.  Gold  sovereign  of  Mary. 

4.  Gold  real  of  Mary. 

5.  Penny  of  Mary. 

6.  Groat  of  Mary. 


PLATE   XLVI. 
Great  Seal  of  Edward  II. 

PLATE ,  XLVII. 

1.  Medal  struck  in  honor  of  the  Earl  of  Essex,  about  a.d.  1640;  obverse,  portrait 

of  the  Earl ;  reverse,  the  two  Houses  of  Parliament,  the  King  presiding  in  the 
Lords  and  the  Speaker  in  the  Commons.  From  the  parliamentary  series  by 
Simon. 

2.  Medal  of  James  I.     Curious  from  the  use  of  the  title  Imperator. 
8.  Medal  of  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax. 

4.  Medal  given  for  service  in  the  action  with  the  Dutch,  July  31, 1653.     Monk  and 
Penn  commanding  the  English,  and  Van  Tromp  commanding  the  Dutch. 


PLATE  XLVIII. 
Great  Seal  of  Edward  III. 

PLATE    XLIX. 

1.  Shilling  of  Philip  and  Mary. 

2.  Sixpence  of  Philip  and  Mary. 

3.  Penny  of  Elizabeth. 

4.  Groat  of  Elizabeth. 

5.  Sixpence  of  Elizabeth. 

6.  Gold  real  of  Elizabeth. 

7.  Gold  angel  of  Elizabeth. 

272 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 
PLATE  L. 


Great  Seal  of  Richard  II. 


PLATE  LI. 


Medal  of  James,  Duke  of  York,  afterward  James  II.,  commemorating  the  naval  vic- 
tory over  the  Dutch,  June  3,  1665. 


Great  Seal  of  Henry  IV. 


1.  Silver  crown  of  Elizabeth. 

2.  Shilling  of  Elizabeth. 

3.  Penny  of  James  I. 

4.  Twopence  of  James  I. 

5.  Halfpenny  of  James  I. 

6.  Silver  crown  of  James  I. 


Great  Seal  of  Henry  V. 


PLATE  LII. 


PLATE  LIII. 


PLATE  LIV. 


PLATE  LV. 


1 .  Medal  of  Charles  II.  and  Catharine ;  probably  relating  to  the  Queen's  dowry. 

2.  Medal  struck  to  commemorate  the  appointment  of  James,  Duke  of  York,  Lord 

High  Admiral. 

3.  Medal  struck  to  commemorate  the  flight  of  James  II.  from  Ireland,  and  the 

supremacy  of  the  house  of  Orange ;  obverse,  bust  of  King  James ;  reverse, 
an  orange-tree  in  full  fruit,  and  an  old  oak  broken  down. 


PLATE  LVI. 
Great  Seal  of  Henry  VI. 


PLATE  LVII. 


1 .  Gold  thirty-shilling  piece  of  James  I. 

2.  Half  sovereign  of  James  I. 

3.  Sixpence  of  James  I. 

4.  Sovereign  of  James  I. 

5.  Fifteen-shilling  piece  of  James  I. 

6.  Shilling  of  James  I. 


PLATE    LVIII. 


Great  Seal  of  Edward  IV. 

S  273 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE   LIX. 


1  and  2.  Medals  struck  to  commemorate  the  murder  of  Sir  Edmondbury  Godfrey. 
A.D.  1677. 

3.  Titus  Oates  medal,  in  commemoration  of  the  Popish  plot. 

4.  Medal  struck  to  commemorate  the  acquittal  of  Earl  Shaftesbury. 


PLATE  LX. 
Great  Seal  of  Edward  V. 


PLATE  LXI. 

1.  Oxford  crown  of  Charles  L,  1644.     Exurgat  Deus,  Dissipenter  inimici. 

2.  Groat  of  Charles  I. 

3.  Sixpence  of  Charles  I. 

4.  Gold  twenty-shilling  piece  of  Charles  I. 
6.  York  half  crown  of  Charles  I. 


PLATE  LXII. 
Great  Seal  of  Richard  HI. 

PLATE    LXIII. 

1.  Medal  relating  to  the  Rye  House  Plot ;  obverse,  the  King  as  Hercules  menaced 

by  a  hydra-headed  monster,  the  heads  representing  the  supposed  conspirators, 
a  hand  in  the  clouds  holding  a  thunder-bolt ;  reverse,  a  shepherd — the  King 
— ^with  his  flock,  in  the  middle  of  which  two  wolves  are  hung,  London  in  the 
distance. 

2.  Medal  of  Archbishop  Sancroft  and  the  seven  bishops  arrested  with  him  in  1688. 

3.  Medal  of  James  II.  and  Mary  of  Modena. 

4.  Medal  of  William  in. 


Great  Seal  of  Henry  VII. 


PLATE    LXIV. 


PLATE  LXV. 


1.  Shilling  of  Charles  L 

2.  Pattern  for  a  broad  of  Charles  I. 

3.  Colchester  shilling,  siege-piece  of  Charles  I. 

4.  Beeston  Castle  shilling,  siege-piece  of  Charles  I. 

5.  Half  penny  of  Charles  I. 

6.  Penny  of  Charles  I. 

7.  Scarborough  half  crown,  siege-piece  of  Charles  I. 

8.  Newark  shilling,  siege-piece  of  Charles  I. 


PLATE    LXVI. 

Great  Seal  of  Henry  VHI. 

274 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE   LXVII. 


1.  Medal  commemorating  the  raising  of  the  siege  of  Londonderry ;  obverse,  the 

English  fleet  advancing  to  relieve  Londonderry,  in  front  a  bust  of  King  Will- 
iam crowned  by  Valor  and  Abundance ;  reverse,  Poverty  and  Slavery  take 
from  the  head  of  Louis  XIV.  a  broken  wreath  of  laurel, 

2.  Medal  commemorating  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  a.d.  1690.     King  William  cross- 

ing the  river  at  the  head  of  his  troops. 

3.  Medal  in  honor  of  the  Queen,  after  the  defeat  of  the  English  and  Dutch  fleets  in 

the  Channel  in  June,  1690. 


PLATE  LXVIIL 

1.  Angel  of  Charles  I. 

2.  Ten-shilling  piece  of  Charles  I. 

3.  Twopence  of  the  Commonwealth. 

4.  Penny  of  the  Commonwealth. 

5.  Crown  of  the  Commonwealth. 

6.  Copper  fartliing  of  the  Commonwealth. 


PLATE    LXIX. 
Great  Seal  of  Edward  VI. 

PLATE  LXX. 

1.  Medal  of  Queen  Anne  in  honor  of  the  Union ;  struck  at  Leipzig. 

2.  Medal  struck  to  commemorate  the  battle  of  Blenheim;  obverse,  portraits  of 

Prince  Eugene  and  the  Duke  of  Marlborough ;  reverse,  the  battle. 

3.  Medals  commemorating  the  trial  of  Dr.  Sachaverell,  February  27,  1710.     The 

Doctor's  portrait  was  accompanied  by  different  reverses,  to  suit  the  taste  of  the 
purchasers,  whether  Romish  or  English  Episcopal. 


PLATE    LXXI. 
Great  Seal  of  Mary. 

PLATE  LXXII. 

1.  T^venty-shilling  piece  of  the  Commonwealth. 

2.  Pewter  farthing  of  the  Commonwealth. 

3.  Ten-shilling  piece  of  the  Commonwealth. 

4.  Shilling  of  the  Commonwealth. 

5.  Sixpence  of  the  Commonwealth. 
G.  Half  penny  of  the  Commonwealth, 
7.  Shilling  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

PLATE  LXXIII. 

Great  Seal  of  Elizabeth. 

275 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE  LXXIV. 


1.  Medal  commemorating  the  battle  of  Ramilies ;  obverse,  Union  of  England  and 
Holland  between  busts  of  Marlborough  and  D'Ouwerkerke ;  reverse,  the 
battle. 


PLATE  LXXV. 
Great  Seal  of  James  I. 


PLATE  LXXVI. 


1.  Silver  crown  of  Cromwell. 

2.  Copper  farthing  of  Cromwell. 

3.  Sixpence  of  Cromwell. 

4.  Copper  halfpenny  of  Charles  II. 

5.  Silver  crown  of  Charles  II. 


PLATE  LXXVII. 
Great  Seal  of  Charles  I. 

PLATE  LXXVIII. 

1.  Medal  struck  to  commemorate  the  surrender  of  Lille,  a.d.  1708;  obverse,  Vic- 

tory taking  the  crown  from  prostrate  Lille ;  reverse,  Britannia  with  the  aegis 
striking  France  with  terror. 

2.  Medal  commemorating  the  battle  of  Dumblane,  a.d.  1773. 

3.  Medal  commemorating  the  victory  of  Oudenarde,  a.d.  1708;  obverse,  Marlbor- 

ough and  Eugene  as  Castor  and  Pollux ;  reverse,  the  battle  of  Oudenarde 
and  the  town. 


PLATE  LXXIX. 
Great  Seal  of  the  Commonwealth. 

PLATE  LXXX. 

1.  Shilling  of  Charles  n. 

2.  Silver  crown  of  James  XL 

3.  Guinea  of  Charles  II. 

4.  Halfpenny  of  James  II. 

5.  Silver  crown  of  William  and  Mary. 

PLATE  LXXXI. 

Great  Seal  of  Scotland  under  the  Protectorate. 

270 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE   LXXXII. 


1.  Medal  of  Greorge  I. ;  reverse,  the  horse  of  Brunswick  leaping  across  the  map  of 

the  northwest  part  of  Europe. 

2.  Medal  of  James  III.,  the  elder  Pretender,  and  Clementina,  his  wife. 

3.  Medal  of  George  IL 


PLATE  LXXXIII. 
Great  Seal  of  Charles  U. 

PLATE  LXXXIV. 

1.  Shilling  of  William  and  Mary. 

2.  Shilling  of  William  IIL 

3.  Copper  half  penny  of  Queen  Anne. 

4.  Crown  of  Queen  Anne. 
.5.  Shilling  of  Qneen  Anne. 

6.  Half  penny  of  William  HI. 

PLATE  LXXXV. 
Great  Seal  of  James  IL 

PLATE  LXXXVL 

1.  Medal  commemorating  the  capture  of  Porto  Bello  by  Admiral  Vernon,  a.d. 

1740. 

2.  Medal  of  the  young  Pretender,  a.d.  1746. 

3.  Medal  commemorating  Sir  Edward  Hawkes's  victory  in  Quiberon  Bay,  a.d. 

1759. 

PLATE  LXXXVII. 
Great  Seal  of  William  and  Mary. 


PLATE  LXXXVIII. 


1.  Shilling  of  George  I. 

2.  Farthing  of  Queen  Anne. 

3.  Farthing  of  Queen  Anne. 

4.  Farthing  of  Queen  Anne. 

5.  Farthing  of  Queen  Anne. 

6.  Farthing  of  Queen  Anne. 

7.  Farthing  of  Queen  Anne. 

8.  Farthing  of  Queen  Anne. 

9.  Half  penny  of  George  I. 


Great  Seal  of  William  HI. 


PLATE  LXXXIX. 
277 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE  XC. 


Medal  of  Greorge  II.,  commemorating  the  Battle  of  Dettingen,  a.d.  1743,  in  which 
he  commanded  in  person. 


PLATE  XCI. 
Great  Seal  of  Anne  before  the  Union. 


PLATE  XCII. 

1.  Crown  of  George  I. 

2.  Shilling  of  George  II. 

3.  Half  penny  of  George  11. 

4.  Halfpennies  known  as  Wood  money,  with  three  different- reverses. 

5.  Crown  of  George  II. 


PLATE   XCIII. 
Great  Seal  of  Anne  after  the  Union. 

PLATE  XCIV. 

1.  Medal  commemorating  the  battle  of  Minden,  in  which  Frederic  of  Brunswick 

defeated  the  French,  a.d.  1759. 

2.  Medal  commemorating  the  battle  of  Plassy,  a.d.  1758. 

3.  Medal  commemorating  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  a.d.  1805. 

PLATE  XCV. 
Great  Seal  of  George  I. 

PLATE    XCVI. 

1.  Medal  in  honor  of  Lord  Howe's  victory  over  the  French  fleet,  a.d.  1794. 

2.  Medal  in  honor  of  Lord  North ;  struck  by  the  University  of  Oxford  at  the  time 

of  the  American  troubles,  a.d.  1775. 

3.  Victoria  medal  of  the  battle  of  Aliwal. 

PLATE  XCVII. 
Great  Seal  of  George  II. 

PLATE  XCVIII. 

Medal  of  Washington  before  Boston ;  struck  by  order  of  Congress,  March  25,  1 776. 
The  original  medal  was  gold. 

278 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE  XCIX. 


L  New  England  shilling,  silver;  first  issue  of  the  Massachusetts  Mint. 

2.  New  England  sixpence,  silver. 

3.  Pine-tree  shilling,  silver. 

4.  Virginia  half  penny,  copper. 

5.  Copper  piece  of  Louis  XIII.,  said  to  have  been  issued  for  Louisiana  in  1721.     It 

was  probably  issued  for  all  the  French  colonies,  and  had  no  special  reference 
to  Louisiana. 

6.  Lord  Baltimore  shilling,  issued  for  Maryland. 

7.  Granby  or  Higley  copper  of  1737,  issued  at  Granby,  in  Connecticut. 


PLATE  C. 

1  and  3.  Medal  presented  to  Paul  Jones  by  resolution  of  Congress,  October  16, 
1787;  struck  in  Paris  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Jefferson. 

2.  Medal  presented  by  Congress  to  General  Morgan,  in  honor  of  his  conduct  at 
Cowpens. 


PLATE  CI. 

1.  Rosa  Americana  penny. 

2.  Vermont  copper,  usually  known  as  the  Vermontensium  Res  Publica. 

3.  Vermont  copper,  known  as  the  Vermon  Auctori.     The  reverse  of  this  coin  is 

usually  the  same  as  the  reverse  of  the  Connecticut  copper,  Plate  CIIL,  No.  3. 

4.  Pitt  or  No  Stamps  token  of  1766 ;  struck  in  England  for  American  circulation. 

5.  Nova  Constellatio  copper. 

6.  Nova  Constelatio  copper,  another  variety. 


PLATE  CII. 

1.  Medal  awarded  by  Congress  to  General  Anthony  Wayne,  after  the  storming  of 

Stony  Point,  a.d.  1779. 

2.  Medal  awarded  by  Congress  to  Lieutenant-Colonel  De  Fleury,  "first  over  the 

walls"  at  the  storming  of  Stony  Point,  a.d.  1779. 

3.  Medal  awarded  to  General  Greene  by  Congress,  after  the  battle  at  Eutaw,  a.d. 

1781. 


PLATE  CIIL 

1 .  Georgius  Triumpho  copper.    There  should  be  thirteen  bars  ir  the  barrier  behind 

which  Liberty  is  standing. 

2.  Massachusetts  copper  cent  of  1786. 

3.  Connecticut  copper  of  1787,  commonly  called  Auctori.  Connec. 

4.  New  Jersey  copper  of  1786. 

5.  Kentucky  token,  copper ;  so  called  because  Ky.  appears  uppermost  among  States 

on  the  stars,  also  called  the  Triangle  cent. 

6.  Immunis  Columbia  copper  of  1787. 

279 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE  CrV. 


L  Medal  awarded  by  Congress  to  Major  Stewart,  after  the  battle  of  Stony  Point, 
A.D.  1779. 

2.  Medal  awarded  by  Congress  to  Lieutenant-Colonel  Howard,  "because,  rushing 

suddenly  on  the  line  of  the  wavering  enemy,  he  gave  a  brilliant  specimen  of 
martial  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Cowpens,"  a.d.  1781. 

3.  Medal  awarded  by  Congress  to  Major  Henry  Lee,  for  brilliant  conduct  at  Pau- 

lus's  Hook,  19th  August,  1779. 


PLATE  CV. 

1.  George  Clinton  copper  of  New  York,  a.d.  1787. 

2.  Confederatio  copper.    (Unique  piece  in  the  collection  of  Benjamin  Haines,  Esq., 

of  Elizabeth,  New  Jersey.) 

3.  A  Spanish  (Mexican)  pistareen,  of  the  kind  called  Cob  money,  in  circulation  in 

the  northern  part  of  America  during  the  latter  part  of  the  18th  century  (sil- 
ver).    Similar  coins  were  struck  in  gold. 

4.  Chalmers  shilling  of  Annapolis,  a.d.  1788. 

5.  New  York  copper,  commonly  called  Nova  Eborac. 

6.  New  York  copper,  commonly  called  the  New  York  Washington  piece. 

7.  Talbot  Allum  &  Lee  token  or  card  of  1794. 


PLATE  CVI. 

1.  The  captors'  medal,  awarded  by  Congress  to  the  captors  of  Major  Andre— 

Paulding,  Williams,  and  Van  Wart  —  a.d.  1780.     The  originals  were  in 
silver. 

2.  Medal  presented  by  Congress  to  General  Gates  in  honor  of  the  surrender  of 

Burgoyne  at  Saratoga,  1777. 

3.  Medal  presented  to  Colonel  William  Washington,  for  valor  at  Cowpens,  1781. 


PLATE  CVII. 

1  and  2.  The  Washington  half  dollar  of  1792  (silver),  and  also  known,  in  copper, 
as  the  Washington  cent  of  1792. 

3.  Washington  token,  brass,  Success  to  the  United  States.  ^ 

4.  Obverse  of  the  large  eagle  Washington  cent  of  1791. 

5.  Reverse  of  the  small  eagle  Washington  cent  of  1791. 

6.  Reverse  of  the  large  eagle  Washington  cent  of  1791. 

7.  Obverse  of  a  Washington  cent  of  1792.     This  is  a  very  rare  coin,  and  is,  in  fact, 

the  only  Washington  cent' of  1792. 

8.  Washington  and  Independence  token  of  1783,  laureated  head. 

9.  Washington  and  Independence  token  of  1783,  military  bust. 


PLATE    CVIII. 

1.  Seal  of  the  Old  Colony,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts. 

2.  Seal  of  Tryon,  Governor  of  North  Carolina,  1765-1771,  and  of  New  York  from 

1771  till  nominally  superseded  in  1780. 

3.  Seal  of  William  Penn. 

4.  Seal  of  Virginia. 

5.  Seal  of  Thomas  Jefferson. 

280 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE  CIX. 


1.  U.  S.  A.  or  thirteen  bar  copper. 

2.  Fugio  or  Franklin  cent  of  1787.     First  national  copper  coinage. 

3.  Continental  pewter  piece,  1776. 

4.  First  United  States  dollar,  1794. 

5.  U.  S.  cent  of  1793,  obverse. 

6.  Another  variety  of  U.  S.  cent  of  1793. 

7.  Reverse  of  the  U.  S.  Link  cent  of  1793. 


PLATE  ex. 

1.  Dollar  of  1795,  as  it  appeared  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year,  and  continued  till 

1804. 

2.  Reverse  of  the  dollar  as  adopted  1798,  latter  part  of  the  year. 

3.  Flying  eagle  (pattern)  dollar  of  1836  and  1838. 

4.  Dollar  of  1841,  being  the  pattern  still  in  use. 


PLATE  CXI. 

1.  Reverse  of  the  half  dollar  of  1794. 

2.  Obverse  of  half  dollar  as  adopted  in  1796,  and  continued  till  1807. 

3.  Reverse  of  half  dollar  as  adopted  in  1801. 

4.  Half  dollar  of  1846.     The  reverse  was  adopted  in  1836,  and  the  obverse  in  the 

latter  part  of  1839. 
6.  Half  dollar  of  1853,  after  July  1,  when  the  change  occurred  in  the  weight  of  the 
coin. 

6.  Quarter  dollar,  reverse,  of  1796. 

7.  Quarter  dollar,  obverse,  adopted  in  1804. 

8.  Quarter  dollar,  reverse,  adopted  in  1804. 

9.  Quarter  dollar  as  adopted  in  1839. 

10.  Quarter  dollar  of  1853,  after  July,  when  the  change  occurred  in  the  weight  of 
the  coin. 


PLATE  CXII. 

1.  Reverse  of  dime  of  1796. 

2.  Dime  as  adopted  in  1797,  and  continued  until  1807. 
3  and  4.  Dime  as  adopted  in  1838. 

5.  Halfdimeof  1794. 

6.  Reverse  of  half  dime  as  adopted  in  1800. 

7.  Reverse  of  half  dime  adopted  in  1837. 

8.  Three-cent  piece  of  1841. 

9.  Reverse  of  gold  eagle  of  1795. 

1 0.  Reverse  of  gold  eagle  adopted  in  1838. 

11.  Reverse  of  gold  double  eagle,  1849. 

12.  Half  eagle  of  1795. 

13.  Reverse  of  half  eagle  of  1798. 

14.  Reverse  of  half  eagle  of  1808. 

281 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


PLATE    CXIIL 


1.  Half  eagle  of  1846  (adopted  in  1838). 

2.  Quarter  eagle  of  1796. 

3.  Three-dollar  piece. 

4.  Fifty-dollar  piece. 
6.  Gold  dollar. 

6.  Five-dollar  piece  of  Bechtler  (private  coinage  in  North  Carolina). 

7.  One  dollar  of  Bechtler. 

8.  Private  coinage  of  San  Francisco,  half  eagle. 


PLATE  CXIV. 


1.  Specimens  of  continental  money. 

2.  A  counterfeit  continental  bill. 


282 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


Abbreviations  on  Greek  coins,  172. 

Abbreviations  on  Roman  coins,  182. 

Abraham's  purchase  of  Machpelah,  17. 

Acropolis,  on  a  coin,  36. 

iEgina,  produces  first  silver  coins,  30. 

iEgina,  Drachma  of,  9. 

iEsculapius,  Embassy  to  Epidaurus,  12. 

Aes,  Roman  word,  42. 

Agneau.  L'  French  coin,  150. 

Alexanaer  I.  of  Macedon,  Coins  of,  34. 

Alexander  the  Great,  Coins  of,  34,  36. 

Alexander  Herr,  medalet,  257. 

America,  Coin  in,  60. 

American  Liberty  copper,  74. 

American  medals  awarded  by  Congress,  Ta- 
ble of,  261. 

Amyntas,  Coins  of,  34. 

Anjou,  Charles  of,  coins,  120. 

Annapolis,  Chalmers  coins  of,  76. 

Annealing  medals,  156. 

Anne  of  Brittiiny,  Coins  of,  150. 

Autiochus  to  Simon,  authorizing  coinage, 
40. 

Aquileia,  Coins  of,  124. 

Arabic,  curious  English  coin,  54,  126. 

Aragon,  House  of,  coins,  124. 

Archelaus,  Coin  ofj  34. 

Arrangement  of  coins,  164. 

As,  The  Roman,  44. 

Athelstan,  Laws  of,  52. 

Athens,  Owl  of,  32. 

Auctori.  Connec.  coins,  78. 

Aureus,  Roman,  46. 

Baldred,  Coin  of,  54. 

Bale,  James,  158. 

Baltimore,  Lord,  coins,  66. 

Bar,  Counts  of,  coins,  130. 

Barkochebas,  Coins  of,  40. 

Base  money  coined  by  government  of  Haj^- 

ti,  110. 
Bassians,  counterfeiter,  112. 
Becker,  counterfeiter,  112. 
Bigatus,  Roman,  46. 
Billon,  French  money,  150. 
Black  coin,  French,  150. 
Blancs,  French  coin,  150. 
Boadicea,  Coin  of,  50. 
Bohemia,  Coins  of,  136. 
Books  on  coins,  166, 


Bourbon,  Cardinal,  Coins  of,  152. 
Bourgeoise,  French  coin,  150. 
Bracaleo,  Senator,  Coin  of,  118. 
Bradley  Willey,  etc.,  on  Washington 

cent  of  1791,88. 
Brass,  Hardness  of,  154. 
British  settlement,  Kentucky,  copper,  84. 
British  coinage,  50. 
British  early  coins,  50. 
British  ring  money,  26,  50. 
British  torques,  50. 
Bronze,  Medals  in,  154. 
Buchanan,  James,  medalets  and  tokens,  235. 
Budee,  Treatise  of,  150. 
Bungtown  coppers,  108. 
Bunsen  on  Nue  pottery,  16. 

Cabinet  for  coins,  162. 

Caesar  speaks  of  ring  monej'^,  26. 

Capet,  Hugh,  Coins  of,  148. 

Capita  aut  navem — Head  or  tail,  44. 

Carats,  a  measure  of  fineness,  explained, 

234. 
Carats  and  thousandths.  Table  of,  234. 
Carats,  to  turn  into  thousandths,  234. 
Carausius,  Coins  of,  52. 
Carolina,  God  preserve,  piece,  66. 
Carteron,  counterfeiter,  112. 
Cass,  General  Lewis,  medalets  and  prices, 

253. 
Castor-land  piece,  84. 
Castile,  Coins  of,  126. 
Catalogues  of  counterfeits,  112. 
Cattle  used  as  exchange,  20. 
Caulonia,  coin  of,  32. 
Cavino,  counterfeiter,  112. 
Cent,  copper  patterns,  1792,  96. 
Cent,  First  United  States,  96. 
Cent,  Variations  of,  100,  102. 
Cents,  heads  on,  102. 
Cents  of  1793,  100. 
Cents,  rare  dates,  224. 
Chaise,  La,  French  coin,  150. 
Chalmers  coins  of  Annapolis,  76. 
Charlemagne,  Coins  of,  118,  148. 
Charles  of  Anjou,  Coins  of,  120. 
Charies  VII.,  Coins  of,  150. 
Chattel,  Derivation  of  word,  54. 
Cicero,  allusion  to  the  well  in  the  formn,  12, 
Claudius,  British  coins  of,  62. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


Clay,  Henry,  medalets  and  prices,  262. 

Cleaning  coins,  164. 

Clement  V.,  Pope,  Coins  of,  120. 

Cleopatra^  Coin  of,  38. 

Clinton  piece  of  New  York,  80. 

Coinage  of  British  Empire,  bj'  Humphreys, 
166. 

Coin  cabinet,  162. 

Coin  Chart  Manual,  Thompson's,  166. 

Coin  Collector's  Manual  of  Humphreys, 
116,  166. 

Collars  for  dies,  154. 

Collection,  Directions  for  making,  162. 

Colonial  coins  in  America,  60. 

Colonial  coins,  with  prices,  245. 

Colonies  Francoises  coppers,  68. 

Color  of  gold  coins,  Reason  for,  232. 

Comparative  prices  of  medals,  etc.,  at  dif- 
ferent sales,  243. 

Confederatio  copper,  82. 

Congornier,  counterfeiter,  112. 

Congress,  Medals  awarded  by,  261. 

Connecticut  coinage,  76,  78. 

Continental  currency  of  1776,  74. 

Continental  Europe,  Coinage  of,  116. 

Copper  coins.  How  to  clean,  164. 

Copper  first  used  for  coins,  30,  44. 

Coppers,  Smooth,  102. 

Counterfeit  coins,  108. 

Counterfeits,  Catalogues  of,  112. 

Croesus,  coin  possiblj-  of,  28. 

Crowns,  origin  of  the  coin,  150. 

Cunobelin,  Coin  of,  50. 

Cuthbert,  Coin  of,  54. 

Cutting  of  dies,  154. 

Cybele  of  the  lonians,  26. 

Daric,  Origin  of,  30. 
Daric,  Persian,  28. 
Denarius,  Roman,  46,  266. 
Denmark,  Coins  of,  140. 
Dervien,  counterfeiter,  112. 
Dickeson's  American  Numismatical  Man- 
ual, 168. 
Die  cutting  or  die  sinking,  154. 
Dime,  The  first,  98. 
Dime,  Variations  of,  98. 
Dimes,  rare  dates,  222. 
Dionysius,  Theatre  of,  on  coins,  36. 
Disme  and  half  disme,  96. 
Dollar,  first  issued,  98. 
Dollar,  Variations  of,  98. 
Dollars,  United  States,  rare  years,  220. 
Doubloon  of  New  York,  82. 
Dowry  of  John  Hull's  daughter,  64. 
Drachma,  The  Greek,  26. 
Drams,  possibly  darics,  30. 
Drops  for  striking  coins,  156. 

Eastern  Empire,  Coinage  Of,  48. 

Kckel,  Price  of,  166. 

Ecus,  or  crowns,  French,  150. 

Edges  of  coins.  Inscriptions  on,  154. 

Egbert,  Coins  of,  54. 

Eg3'pt,  Coins  of,  36. 

Egj'pt,  Ring  money  of,  24. 


Egypt  the  Bible  illustrator,  20. 

Egj'ptian  tombs.  Picture  from,  20. 

Eleazar  of  Damascus  takes  rings  to  Re- 
becca, 24. 

Election  medalets,  106. 

Election  medalets,  price  table,  249. 

Electrotyping  rare  coins,  1 12. 

Emblems  on  coins,  32. 

English  tokens,  104. 

English  coins.  Prices  of,  216. 

Epidaurus,  Coin  referring  to  the  Embassy 
to,  12. 

E  Pluribs  Unum  of  New  Jersey,  84. 

Erie  Canal  opening  tokens,  106. 

Ethelbearht,  Coins  of,  54. 

Ethelbert  II.,  Coin  of,  54. 

Ethelred,  Coins  of,  54, 

Ethelwulf,  Coins  of,  54. 

Europe,  Continental,  Coins  of,  1 16. 

Experimental  pieces,  ^rice  of,  244. 

Ferrara,  Coins  of,  124. 

Fillmore,  Millard,  medalets  and  prices,  254. 

Fineness  of  gold  and  silver,  232. 

First  American  copper  coinage,  70. 

First  coinage,  26. 

First  copper  coined,  44. 

First  portrait  on  coin,  34. 

First  recorded  use  of  money,  16. 

Fleur  de  lis,  Origin  of,  in  arras  of  France, 

122. 
Florence,  Coins  of,  120. 
Florins,  etc.,  of  Edward  III.,  56. 
Foreign  coins,  modem,  Prices  of,  218. 
Forged  coin  better  than  genuine,  110. 
Forgeries  of  rare  coins,  112. 
Forgeries,  Catalogues  of,  112. 
Forum,  Well  in  Roman,  12. 
France,  Coins  of,  146. 
France,  Origin  of  national  arms  of,  122. 
Francis,  Dr.  J.  W.,  106. 
Franco-Americana  piece,  84. 
Franklin  coppers,  94. 
Franklin  coppers.  Keg  of,  found  in  a  bank, 

96. 
Fremont,  John  C,  medalets  and  prices,  255. 
French  colonial  coins  for  America,  68. 
Fugio  copper,  94. 

Genoa,  Coins  of,  122. 

George  Clinton  copper,  80. 

George,  King,  with  reverse  Inde.  et  Lib.,  78. 

Georgius  Triumpho  copper,  76. 

German  silver.  Hardness  of,  164. 

Germany,  Coins  of,  128. 

Glaubrecht,  George,  158. 

God  preserve  Carolina  piece,  66. 

God  preserve  London  piece,  64. 

God  preserve  New  England  piece,  66. 

Gods,  Heads  of,  on  coins,  32. 

Gold,  Comparative  value  of,  in  Greece  and 

Rome,  etc.,  46. 
Gold  coinage  of  Rome,  46. 
Gold  coinage  of  United  States,  Table  of,  236. 
Gold,  fineness  and  weight,  232. 
Gold,  First,  of  modem  Rome,  120.  " 


284 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


Good  Samaritan  shilling,  68. 
Granby  coppers,  70. 
Greek  coins.  Abbreviations  on,  172. 
Groat,  Origin  of  word,  66, 148. 
Grosso,  coin,  148. 

Hadrian,  Pope,  Coins  of,  118. 

Haines,  B.,  Esq.,  Collection  of,  82. 

Half  cents,  rare  dates,  224. 

Half  dime,  rare  dates,  222. 

Half  dime.  The  first,  100. 

Half  dime,  Variations  of,  100. 

Half  dollar,  first  issued,  98. 

Half  dollar,  rare  dates,  222. 

Half  dollar,  Variations  of,  98. 

Half  pennies,  English,  sent  out  to  America, 
66. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  and  the  first  cent, 
96. 

Harrison,  General  W.  H.,  medalets  and 
prices,  250. 

Harttman  &  Smith,  158. 

Hayti,  Base  coin  of,  110. 

Head  or  tail — Capita  aut  navem,  44. 

Heads  on  coins,  when  introduced,  32. 

Hebrew  coins,  38. 

Henri  II.,  Coins  of,  150. 

Henri,  French  coin,  150. 

Herod,  Coins  of,  40. 

Herodotus  on  counterfeits,  110. 

Herr  Alexander  medalet,  257. 

Higley  coppers,  70. 

Hints  to  young  collectors,  162. 

Hislorj-  preserved  b}'  coins,  12. 

History,  Study  of,  encouraged  by  coin  col- 
lecting, 10. 

Holland,  Coins  of,  136. 

Homer  speaks  of  oxen,  brass,  etc.,  22. 

Horace,  allusion  to  medals,  11. 

Horse-heads,  108. 

Hull,  Massachusetts  Mint-master,  64. 

Humphreys,  Noel,  Works  of,  116,  166. 

Hungary-,' Coins  of,  138. 

Immune  Columbia,  76. 
Immunis  Columbia,  82. 
Inde.  et  Lib.  legend,  78, 80. 
Independens  Status  copper,  74. 
Ionian  stater,  first  known  coin,  26. 
Island  in  Tiber,  12. 
Italy,  Ancient,  Coinage  of,  42. 
Italy,  Modem,  Coins  of,  116. 

Jackson,  General  Andrew,  medalets  and 

prices,  249. 
Jacob's  purchase  of  a  field,  18. 
James  II.  tin  piece,  70. 
Janus,  Heads  of,  on  Roman  as,  44. 
Jerusalem,  Coins  of,  40. 
Jews,  Coinage  of,  38. 
Job's  friends  bring  him  ear-rings,  etc.,  24. 
Judea,  Coins  of,  40. 
Justinian,  Medal  of,  50. 

Kentucky  cent,  84. 
Keshitah,  Hebrew  word,  18. 


Key  (medalist),  158. 
Kossuth  medalets,  257. 

Lambs  used  as  currency,  18. 

Lambs  used  as  weights,  20. 

Lamb,  The,  French  coin,  150. 

Layard  found  lamb  weights  at  Nineveh, 

Legends,  Curious,  on  some  English  coins, 
56. 

Leo  IX.,  Pope,  Coins  of,  118. 

Liard,  French,  150. 

Libella,  Roman,  48. 

Liber  Natus  Libertatem  Dkfendo  le- 
gend, 82. 

Liberty-cap  cent  of  1793, 100. 

Libert}',  Parent  of  Science,  etc.,  96. 

Link  cent  of  1793,  96,  100. 

Lion,  The,  French  coin,  160. 

Liverpool  Washington  half  penny,  92. 

Lombards,  Coins  of,  116. 

Lorraine,  Coins  of,  132. 

Louis  XII    Coins  of,  150. 

Louis  XIII. ,  Coins  of,  152. 

Louis  XV.  monej'  for  Louisiana,  68. 

Louis  d'or,  The  first,  162. 

Louis  le  Debonnaire,  Coins  of,  148. 

Louisiana  coppers,  68. 

Lovett,  George  H.,  158. 

Lovett,  John  D.,  158. 

Lovett,  Robert,  158. 

Lovett,  Robert,  Jun.,  158. 

£  s.  d.,  Origin  of  d  in,  48. 

Lj'dia,  First  coinage  attributed  to,  26. 

Lydia,  Forged  coins  of,  110. 

Lj'dian  stater,  26. 

Macedonia,  Coins  of,  34, 36. 

Machpelah,  Purchase  of  the  Cave  of,  16. 

Maille,  French  coin,  150. 

Manfred,  Coins  of,  124. 

Mantua,  Coins  of,  124. 

Manufacture  of  rare  coins,  112. 

Marcus,  coin  of  Offa,  54. 

Markush,  coins  of  Arabs,  126. 

Marj'land  coinage,  66. 

Massachusetts  cents  and  half  cents  of  1787 

and  1788,  84. 
Massachusetts  Mint,  62. 
Master  proof  coins,  224. 
May,  George  W.,  158. 
M'Coy,  John  F.,  Collection  of,  84. 
Measuring  coins,  239. 
Medalets  and  tokens,  104. 
Medalets,  Miscellaneous,  Prices  of,  259. 
Medalets,  Political,  106. 
Medalists,  American,  168. 
Medals  and  medalets.  Prices  of,  242. 
Medals  awarded  by  Congress,  Table  of,  261. 
Medals,  Striking  of,  154. 
Metals  used  for  coins  and  medals,  154. 
Milan,  Coins  of,  120. 
•'  Millions  for  Defence,"  etc.,  108. 
Mint,  American,  158. 
Mint  machinerj',  166. 
Mint  pieces,  Price  of,  244. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


Mint,  United  States,  established,  96. 

Mionnet,  Price  of,  166. 

Mionnet,  Scale  of,  239. 

Miscellaneous  raedalets  and  tokens,  Price 

table  of,  259. 
Modern  foreign  coins.  Prices  of,  218. 
Money  first  mentioned,  16. 
Monumentum  aare  perennius  —  allusion  to 

medals,  11. 
Mott  &  Co.  card,  1787,  104. 
Mj'ddleton  P.  P.  P.  copper,  84. 

Naples,  Coins  of,  124, 

National  coinage  of  United  States,  94. 

Navarre,  Coins  of,  126. 

Neo  Eboracensis  copper,  82. 

Neo  Eboracus  Excelsior,  1787, 82. 

New  England  coins,  62. 

New  England,  God  preserve,  piece,  66. 

New  Jersey  coins,  84. 

New  York  coins,  80. 

New  York  doubloon,  82. 

New  York  Washington  piece,  82. 

Nickel  cent  introduced,  102. 

Nicknames  for  bad  coins,  108. 

Noble,  Gold,  of  Edward  III.,  56. 

Non  vi  Virtute  vici,  legend,  82. 

Northern  Europe,  Coins  of,  140. 

Norwaj',  Coins  of,  140. 

No  Stamps  token,  74. 

Nova  Constellatio  coins,  76. 

Nova  Eboraca  Columbia  Excelsior,  legend, 

82. 
Nova  Eborac  copper,  80. 
Nuremberg,  Coins  of,  128. 

Obolus,  The  Greek,  26. 

OfFa,  Coins  of,  54. 

Offa  coin  with  Arabic  legend,  54, 126. 

Olof,  Coins  of,  144. 

Origin  of  coins,  9. 

Oxen  on  coins,  etc.,  22. 

Paduan  counterfeits,  112. 

Palestine,  Coins  of,  38. 

Parthenon  on  coin,  36. 

Pattern  pieces.  Price  of,  244. 

Pecuniar}',  Origin  of  word,  22. 

Pennies,  Uold,  of  Henrj^  III.,  56. 

Penny,  Derivation  of  word,  54. 

Penny,  English,  the  denarius,  48. 

Penny,  Origin  of,  47. 

Pepin,  Coins  of,  148. 

Persian  darics,  28. 

Peter,  Saint,  on  coins,  118. 

Philip  I.  of  France,  Coins  of,  148. 

Philip  II.  of  Macedon,  Coins  of,  36. 

Philip  of  Valois,  Coins  of,  148. 

Philips,  gold  coins,  36. 

Philip  the  Bold,  Coins  of,  148. 

Phocea,  Quarter  stater  of,  32. 

Phocea,  Seal  of,  32. 

Pieces  of  silver,  in  Bible,  18. 

Pierce,   General   Franklin,    medalets    and 

prices,  255. 
Pine-tree  silver  coins,  62. 


Pine-tree  copper,  74. 

Pite,  French  coin,  150. 

Pitt  token,  74. 

Poland,  Coins  of,  138. 

Polk,  James  K.,  medalets  and  prices,  253. 

Political  cards,  106. 

Political  tokens,  etc.,  price  table,  257. 

Polj'crates  counterfeits,  108. 

Popes,  various.  Coins  of,  118, 120. 

Portrait,  First,  on  coin,  34. 

Portugal,  Coins  of,  128. 

Potten"^  in  Egypt,  Bunsen  upon  old,  16. 

Pound,  origin  of  money  value,  56. 

Preservation  of  historj-^  by  coins,  etc.,  12. 

Presidential  medalets,  108. 

Presidential  medalets  price  table,  249. 

Presses  for  striking  coins  and  medals,  156. 

Priced  catalogues,  168. 

Prices  at  various  auctions.  Table  of,  243. 

Prices  high  for  tradesmen's  cards,  104. 

Prices  of  coins,  medals,  medalets,  etc.,  242. 

Prices  of  English  coins,  216. 

Prices  of  modern  foreign  coins,  218. 

Prices  of  rare  United  States  coins,  220. 

Price  table  of  Mint  or  pattern  pieces,  244. 

Price  table  of  miscellaneous  medalets  and 
tokens,  259. 

Price  table  of  political  tokens,  etc.,  257. 

Price  table  of  Presidential  and  election 
medalets,  249. 

Price  table  of  temperance  medalets,  258. 

Price  table  of  United  States  silver  and  cop- 
per coins,  240. 

Price  table  of  Washington  coins,  etc.,  247. 

Progress  of  the  art  of  coinage  among  an- 
cient nations,  32. 

Proof  coins.  Explanation  of,  224. 

Provence,  Coins  of  Charles  of,  124. 

Prussia,  Coins  of,  140. 

Ptolemies,  Coins  of,  38. 

Punch  mark  on  coins,  28. 

Punch  mark  on  coins  disappears,  84. 

Putealis,  The,  in  forum,  12. 

Quadrans,  The  Eoman,  44. 
Quadrigatus,  Roman,  46. 
Quarta  Decima  Stella,  legend,  78. 
Quarter  dollar,  rare  dates,  222. 
Quarter  dollar.  The  first,  98. 
Quarter  dollar,  Variations  of,  98. 
Quincussis,  Roman,  22, 44. 
Quinarius,  Roman,  48. 

Rare  United  States   coins,  Remarks   on, 

220. 
Raritj'  no  proof  of  value,  164. 
Rarity  of  United  States  silver  and  copper, 

table,  228. 
Ravenna,  Coins  of,  116. 
Revere,  Colonel,  of  Boston,  74. 
Ring  monej',  24. 
Ring  of  bad  coins,  114. 
Rings  worn  by  Eastern  people,  24. 
Roman  coinage,  42. 
Roman  coins.  Abbreviations  on,  182. 
Roman  copper,  42. 


286 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


Roman  gold,  46. 

Roman  silver,  46. 

Rome,  modern,  Coins  of,  118. 

Rosa  Americana  pieces,  70. 

Rostra,  The,  on  coins,  12. 

Russia,  Coins  of,  138. 

Sales  at  various  auctions,  243. 

Samaritan,  Good,  shilling,  68. 

Scales  for  measuring  coins,  239. 

Scott,    General    Wmfield,    medalets    and 

prices,  254. 
Scovill  Manufacturing  Company,  106. 
Screw  presses,  156. 

Scripture  historj'  affirmed  bj^  coins,  14. 
Scrupulum,  Roman,  46. 
Segonax,  Coin  of,  52. 
Sembella,  Roman,  48. 
Semis,  The  Roman,  44. 
Sequin,  Origin  of  word,  122. 
Sestertius,  Roman,  48. 
Sestini's  catalogue  of  forgeries,  112. 
Sewall,  Samuel,  and  John  Hull's  daughter, 

64. 
Seward,  William  H.,  Medalets  of,  257. 
Sextans,  The  Roman,  44. 
Shekel  as  a  coin,  40. 
Shekels  used  by  Abraham,  18. 
Shekels,  Value  of,  40,  41. 
Shilling,  Derivation  of  word,  56. 
Shilling,  Good  Samaritan,  68. 
Shilling  introduced  into  England,  54. 
Shilling,  Lord  Baltimore,  G6. 
Shilling,  Pine-tree,  62. 
Shinplasters,  108. 
Shrub  or  scrub  oak  coins,  62. 
Sicily,  Coins  of,  124. 
Siege-pieces,  Various,  58. 
Silver  coinage.  Earliest,  30. 
Silver  coins.  How  to  clean,  164. 
Silver,  Comparative  value  of,  in  Greece  and 

Rome,  46. 
Silver,  Roman,  46. 
Silver,  weight  and  fineness,  232. 
Simon  authorized  to  coin,  40. 
Skeatta;,  Saxon,  52. 
Smith  &  Harttman,  160. 
Snake,  Coin  alluding  to  the  sacred,  from 

Epidaurus,  12. 
Solidus,  Roman,  46. 
Somers  Islands  piece,  60. 
Spain,  Modem  coins  of,  124. 
Spanish  American  coins,  128. 
State  coinage,  76. 
Stater  of  Ionia,  26. 
Stater  of  Lydia,  26. 
Standard  of  tineness  of  coins,  232. 
Sterling,  Origin  of  word,  56. 
Striking  of  medals  and  coins,  154. 
Success  to  the  U.  S.  tokens,  88. 
Swann,  Thomas,  Medalet  of,  257. 
Sweden,  Coins  of,  140. 
Swift,  Dean,  on  the  Wood  money,  68. 

Table  of  American  medals  awarded  by  Con- 
gress, 261. 


Table  of  comparative  prices  at  various  sales 
in  New  York,  243, 

Table  of  comparative  rarity  of  United  States 
silver  and  copper  coins,  228. 

Table  of  prices  of  colonial  and  rare  Ameri- 
can coins,  245. 

Table  of  prices  of  Mint  pattern  or  experi- 
mental pieces,  244. 

Table  of  prices  of  miscellaneous  medalets 
and  tokens,  259. 

Table  of  prices  of  political  tokens,  etc.,  257. 

Table  of  prices  of  temperance  medalets, 
258. 

T^ble  of  prices  of  United  States  silver  and 
copper,  240. 

Table  of  prices  of  Washington  coins,  etc., 
247. 

Talbot  Allum  &  Lee  card,  104. 

"  Tascia"  on  early  coins  of  Britain,  52. 

Taxatio,  Early  Enrfish  coins  struck  for,  52. 

Taylor,  General  Zacharj^,  medalets  and 
prices,  253. 

Temperance  medalets,  Price  of,  258. 

Teruncius,  Roman,  48. 

Testons,  French,  150. 

Testoon,  Origin  of,  150. 

Tests  of  counterfeit  coins,  114. 

Thompson's  Coin  Chart  Manual,  166. 

Thousandths,  a  measure  of  fineness,  ex- 
plained, 232. 

Thousandths  and  carats,  table,  234. 

Thousandths,  to  turn  into  carats,  234. 

Three-cent  pieces,  100. 

Tokens  and  medalets,  104. 

Tokens,  English,  104. 

Tokens,  Political,  etc.,  price  table,  257. 

Torques,  British,  26. 

Tortoise,  Emblem  on  coin,  30,  32. 

Tradesmen's  cards,  104. 

Tradesmen's  cards,  English,  104. 

Trial  pieces.  Prices  of,  244. 

Triens,  The  Roman,  44. 

Trumbull,  J.  H.,  Colonial  Records  of  Con- 
necticut, 70. 

Ulpian,  Extract  from,  42. 

Uncia,  The  Roman,  44. 

United  States  gold  and  silver  coins,  weights 

and  fineness,  232. 
United  States  gold  coinage,  Table  of,  236. 
United  States  rare  coins.  Remarks  on,  220. 
United  States  silver  and  copper,  table  of 

rarity,  228. 
Unity  States  of  America  token,  86. 

Van  Buren,  Martin,  medalets  and  prices, 

251. 
Venice,  Coins  ofj^  122. 
Vermont  coins,  78. 

Verplanck,  Gulian  C,  medalet  of,  257. 
Victoriatus,  Roman,  48. 
Virginia  coppers,  72. 
Virt.  et  Lib.,  legend,  80. 

Wampum,  60. 
Washing  coins,  164. 


287 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


Washington  coins  and  tokens,  86. 
Washington  coins,  etc.,  Prices  of,  247. 
Washington  piece  of  New  York,  82. 
Washington  rejects  the  cents,  96. 
Waterbury  Button  Company,  106. 
Waterburj'  tokens,  106. 
Weighing  money  by  lamb  weights,  20, 
Weighing  out  money  by  Abraham,  18. 
Weight  and  fineness  of  gold  and  silver, 


232. 


Well  in  Roman  forum,  12. 
White  metal,  composition,  154. 
White  metal,  How  to  clean,  164. 
William  I.,  Coins  of,  54. 
Wolf  and  twins,  12. 
Wood  money,  68. 
Worn  coins  worthless,  102. 
Wreath  cent  of  1793, 100. 
Wright,  Charles  C,  158. 


283 


INDEX  TO  THE  PLATES. 


AcARXANiA,  Coin  of,  VI. 

Acilius,  Denarius  of,  X. 

Acropolis,  on  a  coin,  III. 

-^gina,  Drachmas  of,  II. 

vEsculapius,  snake  on  coin,  IX. 

Agrippa,  Coin  of.  XII. 

Agrippina,  Medal  of,  XIV. 

Alexander  I.,  Coin  of,  11. 

Alexander  the  Great,  Gold  stater  of,  IV. 

Alexius  II.,  Coin  of,  AlX. 

Alfred,  Coins  of,  XXVII. 

Aliwal  battle  medal,  XCVI. 

Ami)hipolis,  Coin  of,  VI. 

Anare  captors'  medal,  CVI. 

Annapolis  shilling,  C  V. 

Anne,  Coins  of,  LXXXIV.,  LXXXVIII. 

Anne,  Medal  of,  LXX. 

Anne,  Seal  of,  after  the  Union,  XCIII. 

Anne,  Seal  of,  before  the  Union,  XCI. 

Antiochus,  Coin  of,  IV. 

Antoninus  Pius  coins  relating  to  Britain, 

XXV. 
Antoninus    Pius,    Coins    of,    XIII.,   XV., 

XVII.,  XXVII. 
Antony,  Coin  of,  XI. 
Antony,  Gold  coin  ofL  X. 
Antony,  Medal  of,  XIV. 
Appeal,  Law  of,  Coin  relating  to,  IX. 
Arabic  coins,  XIX. 
Arcadius,  Coin  of,  XVII. 
Archelaus,  Drachma  of,  II. 
Armada,  Medal  on  the  overthrow  of,  XX. 
Arsaces  Orodes,  Coin  of^  VI. 
Artaxerxes  Ardshir,  Com  of,  VI. 
As  of  time  of  Pompej',  IX. 
As,  Roman,  and  parts  of  the  as,  VIII. 
Athens  drachma,  V. 
Athens  tetradrachm,  V. 
Attains,  Coin  of,  IV. 
Auctori.  Connec,  CIII. 
Augustus  Caesar,  Aureus  of,  XII. 
Augustus  Caesar,  Head  of,  XII.,  XIII. 
Augustus  Caesar,  Medal  of,  XIV. 
Aureus  of  Augustus  Caesar,  XII. 

Balloting  shown  on  coin,  IX. 
Baltimore.  Lord,  shilling,  XCIX. 
Bar  cent,  U.S.  A.,  CIX. 
Bartholomew,    St.,    medal    on    massacre, 
XXII. 

T  2 


Basil  I.,  Coin  of,  XIX. 

Bechtler  pieces,  CXIII. 

Bigatus,  XI L 

Billah,  Calif,  Coin  of,  XIX. 

Blenheim  battle  medal,  LXX. 

Boyne  battle  medal,  LXVII. 

Brancaleone,  Senator,  Coin  of,  XIX. 

British  torques,  XXIIL 

Britannia,  First  figure  of,  on  coin,  XXV. 

Brutus,  Albinus,  Coin  of,  XV. 

Caesar,  Augustus,  Aureus  of,  XII. 

Caesar,  Julius,  coins  on  his  death,  XI. 

Caesar,  Julius,  Denarius  of,  X.,  X.I. 

Canute,  Coi^j  of,  XXVII. 

Capitoline  temple  on  coin,  X. 

Captors  of  Andre  medal,  CVI. 

Carausius,  Coins  of,  XXV.,  XXVII. 

Carpentum  on  a  coin,  XIV. 

Carthage,  Coin  of,  VI. 

Cassian  gens.  Denarius  of,  IX. 

Castor  and  Pollux  on  coin,  X. 

Caulonia,  Coin  of,  II. 

Cents  of  1793,  CIX. 

Chalcis,  Coin  of,  Frontispiece. 

Chalmers  shilling,  CV. 

Charlemagne,  Com  of,  XVII. 

Charles  I.,  Coins  of,  LXL,  LXV.,  LXVIII. 

Charles  I.,  Seal  of,  LXXVII. 

Charles  II.  and  Catharine.  Medal  of,  LV. 

Charles  II.,  Coins  of,  LXXVL,  LXXX. 

Charles  II.,  Seal  of,  LXXXIII. 

Claudius,  Coin  of,  as  censor,  XIII. 

Claudius  coins  relating  to  Britain,  XXV. 

Clementina,  Medal  of,  LXXXIL 

Cleopatra,  (Join  of,  XI. 

Clinton,  George,  copper,  CV. 

Clodian  gens.  Denarius  of,  X. 

Cob  monej',  UV. 

Coela,  Coin  of.  XIII. 

Coelian  gens,  Denarius  of,  XIIL 

Coiner  at  work,  XXI. 

Coining  in  Middle  Ages,  XXI. 

Commodus,  Coin  of,  XV. 

Commonwealth,  Coins  of,  LXVIII.,  LXII. 

Commonwealth,  Seal  of  the,  LXXIX. 

Confederatio  copper,  CV. 

Connecticut  copper,  CIII. 

Constantine,  son  of  Basil,  Coin  of,  XIX. 

Continental  money,  CXIV. 


INDEX  TO  THE  PLATES. 


Continental  pewter  piece,  CIX. 
Corcj'ra,  Coin  of,  XV. 
Corinth,  Coins  of,  V    XVII. 
Cosmo  dei  Medici,  Medal  of,  XX. 
Costumes  on  Denarii,  XIII. 
Counterfeit  continental  money,  CXIV. 
Crassus,  Denarius  of,  XII. 
CromwelL  Coins  of  LXXII.,  LXXVI. 
Crowns,  Triumphal  and  other,  on  medals, 

XIV    XV. 
Cymbeline,  Coin  of,  XXIII.,  XXVII. 
Cyrene,  Coin  of,  VI. 

Darics,  II. 

De  Fleury,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  medal,  CII. 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes,  Coin  of,  Frontispiece. 
Denarius,  Roman,  IX.,  X    XI.,  XII.,  XIII. 
Dettingen  battle  medal,  X.C. 
Dido,  Head  of,  on  corn,  VI. 
Dimes,  Various,  CXII. 
Dion3'sius,  Theatre  of,  on  a  coin.  III. 
Dollar,  First  United  States,  CIX.. 
Dollar,  Gold,  CXIII. 
Dollar,  Gold,  Bechtler,  CXIII. 
Dollars,  Various  United  States,  CIX.,  CX. 
Double  eagle,  CXII. 
Drachma  of  Archelaus,  II. 
Dumblane  battle  medal,  LXXVIII. 
Dutch  medal  on  the  overthrow  of  the  Ar- 
mada, XX. 

Eagles,  Gold,  various,  CXII. 

Edward  the  Confessor,  Coins  of,  XXV. 

Edward  the  Confessor,  Seal  of,  XXIV. 

Edward  I.,  Penny  of,  XXIX. 

Edward  I.,  Seal  of,  XLIV. 

Edward  II.,  Penny  of,  XXIX. 

Edward  II.,  Seal  of,  XLVI. 

Edward  III.,  Coins  of,  XXIX.,  XXXL 

Edward  III.,  Seal  of,  XLVIII. 

Edward  IV.,  Coins  of,  XXXIII.,  XXXV. 

Edward  IV.,  Seal  of,  LVIII. 

Edward  V.,  Seal  of,  LX. 

Edward  VI.,  Coins  of.  XLIL,  XLV. 

Edward  VI.,  Seal  of,  LXIX. 

Egbert,  Coin  of,  XXVII. 

Egj-^ptian,  Ancient,  weighing  money,  I. 

Egyptian  ring  monej',  I. 

Eight  Italian  nations.  Denarius  of,  X. 

Elizabeth,  Coins  of,  XLIX.,  LIII. 

Elizabeth,  Seal  of,  LXXIII. 

English  coins,  Earliest,  XXIII. 

English  torques,  XXIII. 

Epidaurus,  Coin  of,  IX. 

Epulo  on  a  coin,  XIII. 

Essex,  Medal  of  Earl,  XLVII. 

Ethelbert,  Coin  of,  XXVII. 

Ethelwulf,  Coin  of,  XXVII. 

Eugenius  IV.,  Pope,  Medal  of,  XX. 

Fairfax,  Medal  of,  XLVII. 
Faustina,  Coin  of,  XVI. 
Fiftj'-dollar  piece,  CXIII. 
Five-dollar  piece,  Bechtler,  CXIII. 
Five-dollar  pieces,  CXIL,  CXIII. 
Flamen  Martialis,  Coin  of,  XIII. 


Flora  head  on  coin,  X. 
Fl3'ing  eagle  dollar,  CI 
Franklin  coppers,  CIX. 


French  colonial  coppers,  XCIX. 
Fugio  copper,  ClA. 

Galleys  on  coins,  XV. 

Gates,  General,  medal,  CVI. 

George  I.,  Coins  of,  LXXXVIIL,  XCII. 

George  I.,  Medal  of,  LXXXII. 

George  I.,  Seal  of,  XCV. 

George  II.,  Coins  of,  XCII. 

George  II.,  Medals  of,  LXXXIL,  XC. 

George  II„  Seal  of,  XCVII. 

Georgius  Triumpho  copper,  CIII. 

Godfrey,  Sir  Edmondbury,  Medals  of,  LIX. 

Gold  dollar,  CXIII. 

Gordianus,  Coin  of,  XVI. 

Granb}^  coppers,  XCIX. 

Greek  coin  with  palm-leaf  and  arrow,  V. 

Greene,  General,  medal,  CII. 

Gregory  XIII.,  Pope,  Medal  of,  XXII. 

Hadrian,  Coin  of,  XVII. 

Hadrian  coin  relating  to  Britain,  XXV. 

Hadrian,  pigs  of  lead,  XVI. 

Half  dimes.  Various,  CXII. 

Half  dollars.  Various,  CXL 

Half  Eagles,  Various,  CXII.,  CXIIL 

Haroun  al  Raschid,  Coin  of,  XIX. 

Hawkes,  Sir  Edward,  medal,  LXXXVI. 

Henrj'  I.,  Penny  of,  XXVII. 

Uenry  I.,  Seal  of,  XXX. 

Henrj'  II.,  Penny  of,  XXIX. 

Henry  II.,  Seal  of,  XXXIV. 

Henrv  III.,  Penny  of,  XXIX. 

Henr5'  III.,  Seal  of,  XLIL 

Henrj'  IV.,  Seal  of,  LII. 

Henry  V.,  Coins  of,  XXXL,  XXXIII. 

Henrv'  V.,  Seal  of,  LIV. 

Henry  VI.,  Coins  of, XXXIII. 

Henry  VL,  Seal  of,  LVI. 

Henrj^  VII.,  Coins  of,  XXXVII. 

Henry  VII.,  Seal  of,  LXIV. 

Henry  VIII. ,  Coins  of,  XXXIX. 

Henry  VIII. ,  Medals  of,  XLIII. 

Henry  VIIL,  Seal  of  LXVI. 

Higley  copper,  XCIX. 

Honorius,  Coin  of,  XVII. 

Howard,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  medal,  CIV. 

Howe,  Lord,  medal,  XCVI. 

Immunis  Columbia,  CIII. 

Irene,  Coin  of,  XVII. 

Italian  nations.  Denarius  of,  X. 

James  L,  Coins  of,  LIIL,  LVII. 
James  I.,  Medal  of,  XLVII. 
James  L,  Seal  of,  LXXV. 
James  II.,  Coins  of,  LXXX. 
James  II.,  Medals  of,  LL,  LV.,  LXIII. 
James  II.,  Seal  of,  LXXXV. 
James  III.,  Medal  of,  LXXXIL 
Janus,  Head  of,  on  coin,  VII I. 
Janus  temple  closed,  XV. 
Jefferson,  Thomas,  Seal  of,  CVIII. 


290 


INDEX  TO  THE  PLATES. 


Jewish  shekel,  III. 
John,  Irish  penny  of,  XXIX. 
John,  Seal  of,  XXXVIII. 
John  Zimisces,  Coin  of,  XIX. 
John  II.,  Coin  of,  XIX. 
Jones,  Paul,  medal,  C. 
Jupiter  Capitolinus  on  coin,  X. 
Justinian,  Medal  of,  XVIII. 

Kentucky  copper,  CIII. 

Laeca,  Denarius  of,  IX. 

Lamb,  a  weight.  I. 

Lead,  Pigs  o^  XVI. 

Lee^  Major,  medal,  CIV. 

L.  Emilius  Paullus  denarius,  X. 

Leo  III.,  Coin  of,  XVII. 

Lepidus,  Medals  of,  XIV. 

Lictors'  costumes,  XIII. 

Lille,  Surrender  of,  medal,  LXXVIII. 

Link  cent  of  1793,  CIX. 

Livineius,  Denarius  of,  IX. 

Lollian  gens.  Denarius  of,  XIII. 

Londonderry  siege  medal,  LXVII. 

Ix)renzo  de  Medici,  Medal  of,  XXII. 

Louisiana  coppers,  XCIX. 

L3'dia,  Stater  of,  11. 

Lysimachus,  Coin  of.  Frontispiece. 

Macedonia,  Coin  of.  Frontispiece. 

Marcellinus,  Coin  of,  IX. 

Marlborough,    Duke    of,    medals,    LXX., 

LXXIV.,  LXXVIII. 
Mars,  high-priest.  Coin  of,  XIII. 
Martin  V.,  Pope,  Medal  of,  XVIII. 
Mary,  Coins  of,  XLV. 
Mary,  Seal  of,  LXXI. 
Mai-v,  Queen  (of  William  III.),  Medal  of, 

LXVII. 
Mary  of  Modena  medal,  LXIII. 
Masonic  tokens,  XXIII, 
Massachusetts  cent,  CIII. 
Massachusetts  pine-tree  shilling,  XCIX. 
Maximinus,  Coin  of,  XVI. 
Metellus  Scipio,  Denarius  of,  IX. 
Miletus,  Stater  of,  II. 
Millet,  Coin  showing,  III. 
Minden  battle  medal,  XCIV. 
Minerva  head  on  coin,  X. 
Mithridates  VI.,  Coin  of^. 
Monk  and  Penn  medal,  XLVII. 
Morgan,  General,  medal,  C. 

Nelson  medal,  XCIV. 

Nero,  Coin  of,  XV. 

Nero,  Medal  of,  XIV. 

New    England    shilling     and     sixpence. 

New  Jerse)'  copper,  Clll. 
New  York  copper  coins,  CV. 
Nismes,  Coin  of  the  colonj',  XII. 
Non  vi  Virtute  vici,  CV. 
North,  Lord,  medal,  XCVI. 
No  Stamps  token,  CI. 
Nova  Constellatio  coppers,  CI. 
Nova  Eborac  copper,  CV. 


Gates,  Titus,  medal,  LIX. 

Offa,  Coin  of,  XXVIL 

Old  Colony  seal,  CVIII. 

Orodes.  Coin  of,  VI. 

Oscan  letters  on  coin,  X. 

Oudenarde  victorj^  medal,  LXXVII. 

Palaeologus,  John,  Medal  of,  XVIII. 

Panormus,  Battle  of,  IX. 

Parthian  coins,  VI. 

Patera,  Ancient,  XXII. 

Paul  Jones  medal,  C. 

Paullus,  L.  Emilius,  denarius,  X. 

Paul's  appeal  to  Caesar,  Coin  relating  to, 

Penn  and  Monk  medal,  XLVII. 
Penn,  William,  Seal  of,  CVIII. 
Pergamus,  Coin  of,  IV. 
Perkin  Warbeck's  groat,  XXXV. 
Perseus  conquered  bj-  Paullus,  X. 
Perseus,  Coin  of,  Frontispiece,  IV. 
Persian  darics,  II. 
Peter,  Senator  of  Rome,  XIX. 
Philip  and  Mary,  Coins  of,  XLIX. 
Philip  and  Marj^  Medal  of,  XLIII. 
Philip  II.  of  Macedon,  Stater  of,  IV. 
Philip  V.  of  Macedon,  Coin  of.  Frontis- 
piece, V, 
Philip  of  Rome,  Coin  of,  XVII. 
Phocea,  Quarter  stater  of,  II. 
Phoenician  coin,  VI, 
Pine-tree  shilling,  XCIX. 
Pisani,  Medal  by,  XVIIL 
Pitt  token,  CI. 
Plassy  medal,  XCIV. 
Plymouth  Colony  seal,  CVIII. 
Pompey,  coin,  possibly  with  portrait,  IX. 
Popes,  Medals  of,  XVllI.,  XX.,  XXII. 
Porto  Bello  medal,  LXXXVI. 
Pretender  the.  Medal  of  LXXXVI. 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  Coin  of.  III, 
Ptolemj'  Soter,  Coin  of,  Frontispiece. 
Ptolemaic  coins.  III. 
Pulcher,  C.  Clodius,  Floralia  X. 
Puteal  in  forum  on  a  coin,  XIII. 
Pyrrhus,  Tetradrachm  of,  IV. 

Quadrigatus,  XII. 
Quarter  dollars.  Various,  CXI. 
Quarter  eagle.  CXIII. 
Quinctian  gens  denarius,  X. 
Quincussis,  Roman,  VII. 

Ramilies  battle  medal,  LXXIV. 
Regulus  head  on  coin.  IX. 
Richard  I.,  Seal  of,  XXXVI. 
Richard  II.,  Coins  of,  XXXL 
Richard  II.,  Seal  of,  L, 
Richard  III.,  Coins  of,  XXXV. 
Richard  III.,  Seal  of,  LXII. 
Ring  money,  British,  XXIII 
Ring  money  of  Egj-pt,  I.  ^ 
Roman  Senate,  Coin  of,  XIX. 
Rosa  Americana  penny,  CI. 
Rostra  on  coins,  XIII. 
Rye  House  Plot  medal,  LXIII. 


291 


INDEX  TO  THE  PLATES. 


Sachaverell,  Dr.,  medals,  LXX. 

Samnites,  Coin  of,  IX. 

Sancroft  and  seven  bishops  medal,  LXIII. 

San  Francisco  coin,  CXIlI. 

Sassanidae,  Coin  of  the,  VI. 

Scipio,  Denarius  of,  IX. 

Seleucus,  Coin  of.  Frontispiece. 

Service  medal  for  action  with  Dutch,  1653, 

XLVII. 
Severus,  Coin  of,  XVI. 
Sextans,  Roman,  VIII.,  IX. 
Sextus  head  on  coin,  IX. 
Shaftesbury^  Earl,  medal,  LIX. 
Shekel,  Jewish,  III. 
Silenus  on  a  coin,  XIII. 
Silphium,  Coin  showing,  VI. 
Snake  of  iEsculapius  on  a  coin,  IX. 
Spanish  pistareen,  CV. 
Stater  of  Alexander  the  Great,  IV. 
Stater  of  Lvdia,  II. 
Stater  of  Miletus,  II. 
Stater  of  Philip  II.  of  Macedon,  IV. 
Stephen,  Pennj-  of,  XXIX. 
Stephen,  Seal  of,  ±XXII. 
Stewart,  Major,  medal,  CIV. 
Success  to  the  United  States,  CVII. 
Sulpician  gens,  Denarius  of,  XIII. 
Syracuse,  Coin  or  medal  of.  Frontispiece. 

Talbot  Allum  &  Lee  token,  CV. 
Temple  of  Jupiter  on  a  coin,  X. 
Ten-dollar  pieces,  CXII. 
Theatre  of  Dionj'sius  on  a  coin,  III. 
Theodosius,  Coin  of,  XVII. 
Theodosius  II.,  Coin  of,  XVII. 
Three-cent  piece,  CXII. 
Three-dollar  piece,  CXIII. 
Torques  or  ring  money,  XXIII. 
Trafalgar  medal,  XClV. 
Trajan,  Coin  of,  XVI. 
Tranquillina,  Coin  of,  XVI. 
Trebizond,  Coin  of,  XIX. 
Triangle  cent,  CHI. 


Triens,  VIIL 

Triumphal  car  on  coin,  X. 
Triumvirs,  Denarii  of,  Al. 
Tryon,  Governor,  Seal  of,  CVIII. 
Twenty-dollar  piece,  CXII. 

U.  S.  A.  or  bar  cent,  CIX. 

Van  Tromp,  Medal  relating  to,  XLVII. 
Ventidius,  Medal  of,  XIV. 
Vermont  coppers,  CI. 
Vernon,  Admiral,  medal,  LXXXVI. 
Victoria  medal,  XCVI. 
Virginia  half  penny,  XCIX. 
Virginia,  Seal  of,  CVIII. 
Votmg  shown  on  a  coin,  IX. 

Washington  before  Boston  medal,  XCVIII. 
Washington  coins  and  tokens,  CVII. 
Washington  copper  of  New  York,  CV. 
Washington,  William,  medal,  CVI. 
Wavne,  General  Anthony,  medal,  CII. 
Weighing  mone}-  in  Eg^-pt,  I. 
Weighing  money  in  ordinary'  scales,  XXII. 
Well  in  forum  on  a  coin,  XIII. 
William    and    Marj',    Coins    of,    LXXX., 

LXXXIV. 
William  and  Marj-,  Seal  of,  LXXXVII. 
William  II.,  Penny  of,  XXVII. 
William  III.,  Coins  of,  LXXXIV. 
William  IIL,  Medal  of,  LXIII. 
William  III.,  Seal  of,  LXXXIX. 
William  of  Scotland,  Seal  of,  XL 
William  Rufus,  Seal  of,  XXVIII. 
William  the  Norman,  Coin  of,  XXVII. 
William  the  Norman,  Seal  of,  XXVI. 
Wolfofcapitol,  IX. 
Wolsev,  Cardinal,  Coins  of,  XXXIX. 
Wood  money,  XCIL 

Y6rk,  James,  Duke  of,  medals,  LL,  LV. 

Zimisces,  John,  Coin  of,  XIX. 


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